Date: April 29, 2024 Mon

Time: 9:05 pm

Results for sexual exploitation

311 results found

Author: Ditmore, Melissa Title: Kicking Down the Door: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons Summary: This report summarizes the findings of a human rights documentation project to explore the impacts and effectiveness of current anti-trafficking approaches in the United States from a variety of perspectives. The data collected suggests that vice raids conducted by local law enforcement agencies are in ineffective means of locating and identifying trafficked persons. The research also reveals that vice raids and federal anti-trafficking raids are all too frequently accompanied by violations of human rights of trafficked persons and sex workers alike, and can therefore be counterproductive to the underlying goals of anti-trafficking initiatives. Details: New York: Sex Workers Project, Urban Justice Center, 2009. 74p. Source: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Shelf Number: 117114 Keywords: Human Trafficking Law Enforcement Police Behavior Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zhou, Hui Title: 'One Victim of Trafficking Is One Too Many': Counting the Human Cost of Trafficking, Cases of Trafficking in Australia Summary: Project Respect spent 6 weeks researching and documenting cases of human trafficking in Australia. This report refers to approximately 300 cases cases of victims of trafficking documented during this time. Some of the cases documented are based on cases Project Respect had already gathered in 5 years working with women in the sex industry. Other cases were obtained from other sources for the specific purpose of this documentation project. Project Respect circulated a letter and survey form widely in Australia seeking information for this documentation project. Details: Victoria, Australia: Project Respect, Inc., 2004 Source: Year: 2004 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 116670 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Englund, Cecilia Title: The Organisation of Human Trafficking: A Study of Criminal Involvement in Sexual Exploitation in Sweden, Finland and Estonia Summary: Trafficking in human beings for sexual purposes has attracted great attention in recent years. Many activities have been initiated to combat such global trafficking. However, some areas may have been neglected, in particular the situation with regard to criminal activity. This report sheds light on this aspect, as its aim is to describe trafficking in human beings for a sexual purpose with a focus on the organisation of the criminal networks involved. The study in Sweden, Finland and Estonia This report is based on a study carried out in 2007-2008 in three countries on the Baltic Sea: Sweden, Finland and Estonia. The aim of the study was to examine the organisation and structures of criminal networks involved in human trafficking for sexual purposes and the conditions and factors of the market and the trade in Sweden, Finland and Estonia. Further, the process of trafficking was studied, from recruitment in the country of origin, to the transporting of women and girls to the country of destination, where procuring has taken place. This study has been carried out by the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention together with the European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI) and the Institute of Law at Tartu University in Estonia. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, 2008. 192p. Source: Report 2008:21: Accessed Dec. 10, 2018 at: https://www.bra.se/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f1800023448/1371914733517/2008_21_human_trafficking.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: https://www.bra.se/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f1800023448/1371914733517/2008_21_human_trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 113237 Keywords: Criminal Networks Human Trafficking (Finland, Sweden, Finland) Organized Crime Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Harris, Julie Title: Tipping the Iceberg: A Pan Sussex Study of Young People At Risk of Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking: Final Report Summary: This report presents the findings of a year-long research study mapping the service needs of young people at risk of sexual exploitation across Sussex, UK. Details: Ilford, UK: Barnardo's, 2007. 114p. Source: Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 113841 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Catalla, Rebecca F. Title: The Mekong Challenge: Cambodia's Hotel and Guesthouse Workers: Their Recruitment, Working Conditions and Vulnerabilities. Summary: When the magnitude of child labour was found to be more serious than reported in 2001, ILO-IPEC with its national partners conducted a series of rapid assessments and baseline surveys in selected sectors such as trafficking in women and children, salt production, rubber plantation, fishing sector, etc. These have not only helped to build the knowledge base on the target children and their realities of work, but they have also contributed to raising awareness about trafficking and labour exploitation and have led to increased advocacy for action to prevent the abuses. To further understand these issues and concerns that are associated with child labour and trafficking in identified new sectors, a survey was carried out among hotel and guesthouse (HGH) workers and employers in Siem Reap. The research aimed to provide wide-ranging information on workers in hotels and guesthouses, an industry in Siem Reap identified as a receiving area/sector of trafficking in children and young women. More specifically, the study sought to profile the situation of workers working in hotels and guest houses in Siem Reap district, Siem Reap province including: reasons for working, skills/ vocational background, health and educational status, working environment/condition of trafficking for labour (in slave-like conditions) by unscrupulous employers, wages/income earned, income management, and future planning. This was accomplished by carrying out a survey among HGH workers and employers, and interviews with key informants using instruments that have been used by ILO-IPEC for similar efforts in various countries. A total of 371 workers and 17 employers in 36 hotels and guesthouses were interviewed; 13 stakeholders served as key informants for the qualitative aspect of the study. Descriptions of working conditions in this report, while wide-ranging, do not attempt to be thorough and comprehensive. Rather they reflect information obtained through a structured instrument within an eight-day data collection period. As such the data mirrors the limitations of survey methodology (e.g., measurements are taken at one point in time) even as representatives of workers from different HGH departments/units (e.g., housekeeping, kitchen, administration, etc.) were interviewed. It is also worth mentioning that responses of the workers and employers may have been given in a context where they feared that the information may be used against the hotels and guesthouses - which were their primary sources of livelihood - since ongoing strikes in some hotels were still unresolved at the time of the survey. Workers in hotels and guesthouses in Siem Reap can be portrayed as young, having a mean age of 23 years, and are relatively well educated, 89% of whom reached lower secondary levels. They belonged to families whose parents were highly literate, and had sources of incomes that came from agriculture, waged employment or from other businesses. A third also had some kind of training connected to their work and 10.5% were still in school completing formal education or attending short courses. More than a quarter (27%) did not report any health problem and only 2.4% cited illnesses that could be said to be serious. Workers too, had access to various types of information on a daily basis from magazines/ newspapers, television, and radio. Awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and STI was reported by 94% and 75% of respondents, respectively, indicating a need for improvement, especially for the latter. In terms of their work profile, respondents have been in their present occupations for an average of 1.67 years, gaining acceptance by applying for the job or through referrals. The primary motivation to work was the desire to help the family (99%) and due to personal reasons like wanting to gain experience (36%) or continue their studies (2%). Usually, workers were at their posts for a mean number of 6.14 days, for both peak and slow seasons, averaging 9.57 and 8.23 hours, respectively. Food, water, access to toilet facilities and breaks at work were provided by employers, although workers were also said to bring their own water to their workplace. On the other hand, living arrangements entailed residing with relatives, on their own, or with friends/co-workers, reported by 31%, 30% and 35% of the total, respectively. Women were less likely to live alone, preferring to live with a family member or relatives. Workers also have a fairly developed support network, with families, friends, employers, and co-workers being sought for assistance primarily in terms of advice, financial assistance. Income-wise, 61% of respondents had earnings between 150,000 (US$37) to 300,000 Riel (US$75) and an additional 25% reported incomes above 300,000 Riel. Employers, on the other hand, comprised mostly of men, at 70% of the total, had an average of 42.47 years, and over three quarters reached upper secondary level or the university. They were characterized as kind, understanding and looked after their welfare, by 97% and 79% of workers respectively. Eight of ten respondents found their jobs lucrative, and this is reflected in the range of salaries or revenues they earned per month. The lowest monthly wage was 260,000 Riel or (US$65) by a respondent working in a HGH Type 4 of guesthouse while at the high end of the scale of reported salaries, three respondents working in mid-range to upscale hotels said that their monthly earnings from their jobs ranged from 1.4 million (US$350) to 4 million Riel (US$1,000). Among nine owners, revenues generated started at 1.08 million (US$270) to 16 million Riel (US$4,000) from establishments classified as budget guesthouses 1-4. Given that the room rates in these places range from US$5 to US$15 for single and US$20 for double rooms, the high earnings reported is a good indication of the occupancy rates. Some observations that can be drawn from the findings are: - While workers appeared to be cared for by their employers, the workers would be hard pressed to sufficiently cover the cost of lodging, additional studies, and sending money home to help support families. Salaries in hotels and guesthouses are not as high as might be expected from a growing industry. - In terms of trafficking, there was no reported case among respondents - key informant responses and the quantitative data show that recruitment processes of HGH were accomplished through a typical hiring procedure involving the application for jobs, taking tests and being interviewed. No allusion to coercion, being sold, or reporting situations of debt bondage was ever made by respondents. While 'debt' had been mentioned in relation to working, this information was obtained from other persons; whereas monetary obligations to employers have been in the form of advances. - The desire to start a small business, expressed repeatedly by worker-respondents, may indicate a cognizance of the potential for economic gain from the booming tourism sector. Furthermore, workers want to better themselves by enrolling in short-term courses like computer literacy and English, and gaining additional skills related to their jobs. Provided sufficient opportunities, this group could well become future members of the burgeoning middle class of Cambodia. - As documented by the research, the demand for sex with young persons comes from the guests of hotels and guesthouses, the gratification of which is facilitated by workers or 'guides' in exchange for some recompense. - Despite the monitoring that is supposed to be carried out by relevant government agencies in the province, minors have been seen entering hotels and guesthouses as the sexual partners of guests. While workers in the hotels and guesthouses in Siem Reap appear to be better off in terms of work conditions, there are a few areas that require additional review. - The existing salaries have to be increased - at present, compensations are small in relation to reported earnings of owners and to a robust sector. - In smaller guesthouses, working hours and days need to be monitored since this could be a 7-day workweek and beyond eight hours per day, especially in the peak season. While it may be argued that these conditions are typical in family-run guesthouses, it does not justify overworking and underpaying workers. - The founding of unions that will help ensure that employers and owners comply with the labour laws should be promoted. As the tourism sector further expands, it is necessary to ensure that employers and owners stick to the letter of the law. Details: Bangkok: International Labour Office, 2006. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2018 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_bk_pb_70_en.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_bk_pb_70_en.pdf Shelf Number: 117672 Keywords: Human Trafficking Labour Exploitation Sexual Exploitation

Author: ECPAT International Guatemala Title: Sexual Commercial Exploitation of Girls, Boys and Adolescents in Guatemala Summary: This report presents a profile of how the issue of illegal trafficking in persons is a growing problem in Guatemala. Details: Guatemala City, Guatemala: ECPAT International Guatemala, International Organization for Migration, & Casa Alianza, 2002. 48p. Source: Working Notebooks on Migration, No. 8 Year: 2002 Country: Guatemala URL: Shelf Number: 117868 Keywords: Child Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Dottridge, Mike Title: Kids Abroad: Ignore Them, Abuse Them or Protect Them? Lessons on How to Protect Children on the Move from Being Exploited Summary: This study focuses on the experience of young people who leave home or travel abroad to seek work or a better life and also on children who are sent away from home by their parents. It explores initiatives which have had the effect of reducing the likelihood that such children will be subjected to economic or sexual exploitation. It sets out to go beyond identifying the vulnerable situations faced by such children, by examining what techniques have proved helpful to children who move away from their families. Details: Geneva: Terre des Hommes International Federation, 2008. 88p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 113296 Keywords: Child Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Pearce, Jenny J.: Hynes, Patricia Title: Breaking the Wall of Silence: practitioners' Responses to Trafficked Children and Young People Summary: This report explores the complexities involved in identifying and responding to the needs of children and young people who have been trafficked into and within the U.K. It argues that trafficking is a process, not a one-off event. Details: London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2009. 205p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 118223 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Great Britain) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kangaspunta, Kristiina Title: Human Trafficking: An Overview Summary: This report provides background on human trafficking, explains what has been achieved in the first year of the United Nations' Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, and identifies challenges that lie ahead. Details: New York: United Nations, 2008. 48p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 114870 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: O'Briain, Muireann Title: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in Tourism Summary: Efforts to combat the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism have been ongoing for almost 30 years. Since the early awareness-raising campaigns, work has developed into multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral programs including training, developing and implementing codes of conduct, and building an ethic of personal responsibility. However, the demand for children and young people as sexual partners remains, fed by poverty and social exclusion. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2008. 62p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 114866 Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Sex Tourism Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sykiotou, Athanassia P. Title: Trafficking in Human Beings: Internet Recruitment Summary: This report presents the current methods used by human traffickers to recruit their victims via the Internet, and identifies legal, administrative and technical means used to combat this misuse. Details: Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2007. 145p. Source: Year: 2007 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119797 Keywords: Human Trafficking Internet Safety Sexual Exploitation

Author: Solkner, Andrea Title: Needs Assessment of the National Referral Mechanism for Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ukraine: Assessment Report Summary: This report assesses the situation of trafficking in human beings in Ukraine, in particular with regard to the identification, referral, assistance and protection of the rights of trafficked persons. It reviews the current responses by government and non-government institutions to the problems and needs of trafficked persons. Details: Kyiv: OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine, 2008. 113 p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: Ukraine URL: Shelf Number: 118314 Keywords: Human Rights (Ukraine) Human Trafficking (Ukraine) Human Trafficking Victims, Services for (Ukraine) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: Trafficking for Labour and Sexual Exploitation in Germany Summary: Germany is an important destination country for migrant workers from around the world. Many of them work on the basis of mutually beneficial agreements made with their employers, but many are forced into submission by deception, threats, abuse, fraud and coercion. The migrant workers enter the country through clandestine channels or as asylum seekers, seasonal labor migrants, visitors or students. This study aims to demonstrate that migrant workers are forced into submission and thus increase profit margins. This is most often the case in those labor-intensive economic sectors that are encountering even more competition on global markets. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, 2005. 91p. Source: Year: 2005 Country: Germany URL: Shelf Number: 111925 Keywords: Economics Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Germany) Migrant Labor (Germany) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Raphael, Jody Title: Domestic Sex Trafficking of Chicago Women and Girls Summary: This report examines the process by which young girls are recruited into the sex trade industry in the Chicago metropolitan area including strategies used, and levels of coercion, control, and violence that hold them in prostitution. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority and the DePaul University College of Law, 2008. 47p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 110737 Keywords: Prostitutes (Chicago) Prostitution (Chicago) Sex Trafficking (Chicago) Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Labour Office Title: Cambodia's "Beer Promotion Girls": Their Recruitment, Working Conditions and Vulnerabilities Summary: This survey is part of a series of studies into recruitment practices and working conditions in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) of children and young women in sectors vulnerable to human trafficking, and the associated and inherent sexual and labour exploitation. With the increasing sophistication of consumer marketing, the alcohol and beverage industries in Cambodia and other GMS countries have found new ways to advertise their competing products through the employment of beer promotion girls - attractive young women dressed in the colors and logos of their sponsors. This report take san in-depth look at both the personal and working lives of these young women. Details: Geneva: ILO, 2006. 116p. Source: The Mekong Challenge; Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia URL: Shelf Number: 117642 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sharma, Bhavna Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Peru Summary: This report provides information and analysis in relation to slavery practices in Peru, with a particular focus on forced labor in the Amazon, domestic work, trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation, and children working in mines. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 20p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Peru URL: Shelf Number: 118403 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Forced labor (Peru) Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Savona, Ernesto U. Title: MON-EU-TRAF: A Pilot Study on Three European Union Key Immigration Points for Monitoring the Trafficking of Human Beings for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation Across the European Union Summary: This project aimed to: monitor and analyse investigative and legal activities on human trafficking for sexual exploitation in three member-states of the European Union (Spain, Italy, Finland), the purpose being to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon, its extent, and its trends, in order to identify common indicators at the European level. The project collected data on the following aspects: the provenance of victims and criminals; organizational structure of criminal groups, trafficking routes and modus operandi; monitoring and analysing the responses (penal and preventative) by the three member-states considered; and to furnish the member-states and the European institutions with a survey grid for data collection and analysis. Details: Trento, Italy: TRANSCRIME, 2002. 258p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2002 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 117703 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Europe) Organized Crime Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Chemonics International Inc. Title: Assessment on the Status of Trafficking in Persons in Egypt: Changing Perceptions and Proposing Appropriate Interventions Summary: Egypt is a transit country for women being trafficked from eastern European countries to Israel for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It is also a country of origin for women who are trafficked to Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab States, Jordan, Kuwait, and Yemen for the purpose of transactional marriage, in particular. Additionally, there are reports of Egyptians trafficked to work abroad. This report analyzes the various forms of trafficking based on a fact-finding mission to Egypt. The report describes trends in transnational trafficking while bringing to light new research on domestic trafficking. The report also emphasizes individual trafficking, as many forms of exploitation of women and children in Egypt are perpetrated by spouses, parents, or other family members. The report calls for a comprehensive response to the problem which would include the government, nongovernmental organizations, and other members of civil society. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2007. 72p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: Egypt URL: Shelf Number: 118743 Keywords: Forced Marriage Human Trafficking (Egypt) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: ActionAid International Vietnam Title: On the Trafficking of Vietnamese Women and Children. Synthesis Report of Three Research Studies: Cambodia, Taiwan (China), Vietnam. Summary: This report consolidates three reports conducted under the coordination of ActionAid International Vietnam. The destinations included are Cambodia, Taiwan (China) and Vietnam. The reports are synthesized according to the four levels of inquiry agreed at the start of the research: (1) to learn about the situation of trafficked and migrant women and children at places of origin, (2) to learn about the situation at places of destination, (3) to assess the interventions available/not available to them, and (3) to make recommendations to ActionAid International Vietnam on future program interventions. Details: Ha Noi, Vietnam: ActionAid International Vietnam, 2005. 68p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 118690 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hancilova, Blanka Title: Legislation and the Situation Concerning Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in EU Member States Summary: This report explores how EU Member States' legislation and policies on trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation and other relevant areas such as prostitution, immigration and labor influence the situation concerning trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It provides the European Commission and the EU Member States with information on how to improve their future legal and programmatic actions in this area. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2009. 286p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 117790 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gaber, Milica Antic, ed. Title: Violence in the EU Examined: Policies on Violence Against Women, Children and Youth in 2004 EU Accession Countries Summary: This report presents the results of a 2-year project conducted by a research team of 10 partner organizations from 10 countries that accessed the EU in 2004. Papers in the report all address the issue of violence against women, children and youth from different theoretical perspectives and analyzed using different methodological approaches. Some of the issues discussed include : sexual harassment; trafficking in persons; sexual exploitation in prostitution and pornography; children as victims of violence in the family; mail-order brides; and labor exploitation. Details: Ljubljana: University of Ljuljana, Faculty of Arts, 2009. 199p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 118683 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Mail-Order Brides Pornography Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Sexual Harassment Violence Against Women

Author: Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group Title: Wrong Kind of Victim? One Year On: An Analysis of UK Measures to Protect Trafficked Persons Summary: In December 2008 the U.K. ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings. The Convention came into force in the UK in April 2009. This report examines how the UK and its devolved administrations are meeting their obligations under the Convention. It found that the UK Government's anti-trafficking practice is not compliant with the Convention and, where it relates to children, is not compliant with other aspects of UK law or best practice. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2010. 153p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119220 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Berardi, Giorgio Title: The Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Connection with Cases of Child-Sex Tourism in East and Southeast Asia Summary: This report presents a review of the literature on the current state of known interactions between Internet communication technology and child-sex tourism. It includes: 1) an analysis of the nature, extent and trends in the use of information technology for faciliting sexual exploitation of children, especially in East and Southeast Asia; and 2) an analysis of targeted recommendations for action by key actors to prevent and protect children from being sexually exploitation through tourism. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 119223 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Internet Safety Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: IMAS, Inc. Title: Women At-Risk in the Republic of Moldova: National Representative Survey Summary: Two of the Republic of Modova's greatest human rights concerns today include domestic violence and trafficking in persons. With this in mind, between May and June of 2005, Winrock International, working in collaboration sith IMAS Inc., commenced a study in which face-to-face interviews were conducted among 1,030 women from between the ages of 16 and 35 throughout the country. One of the primary objectives of the study was to identify the profiles of women who are vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking. At the same time, the study evaluates levels of domestic violence across a wide spectrum of the population and its inter-relationship with the phenomenon of trafficking. Details: Chisenau, Republic of Moldova: IMAS Inc. and Winrock Interntational, 2005. 113p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Moldova URL: Shelf Number: 117705 Keywords: Domestic Violence Human Rights Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Dibb, Rebecca Title: Substance Use and Health Related Needs of Migrant Sex Workers and Women Trafficked into Sexual Exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London Summary: This study aims to establish the incidence of trafficking of women and girls into sexual exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London; and to identify the countries that they come from and the routes used to traffic them into the UK. The study seeks to identify and nature and extent of safety, substance use and health related needs of trafficked and migrant women working in the sex industry. Details: London: The Salvation Army, Research and Development Unit, 2006. 114p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119224 Keywords: Health Care, Prostitutes Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Workers - Prostitutes Sexual Exploitation Substance Abuse

Author: Stephen-Smith, Saray Title: Routes In, Routes Out: Quantifying the Gendered Experience of Trafficking to the UK Summary: In April 2004 the POPPY Project published ‘When Women Are Trafficked’. This report provided an outline of the experiences of 26 women trafficked into the UK and subsequently supported by the POPPY Project between March 2003 and March 2004 and was the first report of its kind to be published in the U.K. Since then, research based on case studies of trafficking victims has been lacking from discussions on how to tackle human trafficking in the UK, as identified in 2007 in the UK Action Plan on Tackling Human Trafficking. This report responds to this need for more detailed research data, providing valuable information about the types of experiences women trafficked into the UK had prior to, during and after escaping their trafficking situation. Details: London: The POPPY Project, Eaves Housing for Women, 2008. 34p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 116473 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Martynowicz, Agnieszke Title: The Nature and Extent of Human Trafficking in Northern Ireland: A Scoping Study Summary: This scoping study examines the nature and extent of human trafficking in Northern Ireland. The purpose of the study was to “increase the knowledge of the commissioning organisations about trafficking and identify the appropriate steps that might be taken to respond to this issue”. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission; Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, 2009. 102p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119391 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: South African Law Reform Commission Title: Report on Trafficking in Persons Summary: This report addresses three main aspects regarding trafficking in persons in South Africa: the prevention of trafficking in persons; the prosecution of traffickers and other role-players; and the protection of victims of trafficking. The report includes a series of recommendations to address these three issues. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: South African Law Reform Commission, 2008. 167p. Source: Internet Resource; Project 131 Year: 2008 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 119122 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Rusu, Viorelia Title: Overview of the Child Trafficking Phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova Summary: The present study represents an attempt to present qualitative, as well as some quantitative characteristics of the child trafficking phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova. The study report includes information about the average portrait of a victim of child trafficking, factors that increase child vulnerability to involvement into child trafficking situations, main characteristic features or elements of a child trafficking crime identified — peculiarities of recruitment, transportation, forms of exploitation and criminal methods of influence/control used against children. In the study report, existing models of child trafficking are presented both at the transnational level where children-citizens of the Republic of Moldova. become subjects of exploitation in other countries, and child trafficking inside of the country. Besides, the report reflects some new trends in the evolution of the child trafficking phenomenon, and gives an analysis of its relation to the phenomenon of child sex-tourism that emerged recently in Moldova. Details: Chisinau, Moldova: International Center for Women Rights Protection and Promotion "La Strada", 2010. 71p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Moldova URL: Shelf Number: 119424 Keywords: Child Exploitation Child Prostitution Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zhang, Sheldon Title: Why Sex Trafficking Is Constrained and Limited: A Conceptual Explanation Summary: Using findings from a recently completed study in Tijuana, Mexico, this paper presents a descriptive analysis of the circumstances of 220 sex workers who were working in the city’s sex industry. Based on the patterns uncovered from these women’s narratives, the paper proposes a conceptual paradigm that challenges the sensational claims made by many international agencies and social advocacy groups about the widespread problem of sex trafficking activities in Latin America. The intent of this paper was not to question the existence of sex trafficking, but to understand the experiences of those who were closest to this illicit enterprise, so that effective counter-trafficking strategies can be planned and implemented. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation, 2010. 22p. Source: Internet Resource; Working Paper Series, no. 5 Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: Shelf Number: 119446 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Velkoska, Violeta Title: Criminal Justice Responses to Organized Crime Summary: This survey represents a systematized collection of data at the national leval about the majority of cases related to the criminal offences of trafficking in human beings, mediation in prostitution, and smuggling of migrants, as well as other forms of organized crime, which are tried before the basic courts in Macedonia. Details: Skopje, Macedonia: Coalition "All for Fair Trials", 2007. 103p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: Macedonia URL: Shelf Number: 119454 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Migrants Organized Crime (Macedonia) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Adams, William Title: Effects of Federal Legislation on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Summary: Each year, as many as 300,000 children become victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the United States. Such victimization can have devastating effects on a child's physical and mental health and well-being. In an effort to stop the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), Congress enacted the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act (TVPA) in 2000. As the seminal legislation in America's efforts to end CSEC, the Act criminalizes human trafficking on a federal level. This bulletin describes the results of a study funded by OJJDP to examine TVPA's impact on the prosecution of CSEC cases. The authors draw on CSEC cases processed in federal courts between 1998 and 2005 to examine how current laws addressing CSEC are enforced, indicate key features of successful CSEC prosecutions, and describe how legislation has affected sentences imposed on CSEC perpetrators, as well as legislation's effects on the provision of services to victims. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2010. 11p. Source: Internet Resource; Juvenile Justice Bulletin, July 2010 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119477 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Abuse Children, Crimes Against Sexual Exploitation

Author: Victoria. Parliament. Drugs and cRime Prevention Committee Title: Inquiry Into People Trafficking for Sex Work: Final Report Summary: This study reports on the prevalence of women trafficked to Australia for sexual purposes. It is an attempt to make the Melbourne community aware of this crime and to institute a better regime to protect these vulnerable women. The report recommends that a special unit be set up in the Department of Justice to work in the sex industry area and particularly with trafficked women. Details: Melbourne: Government Printer for State of Victoria, 2010. 257p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119533 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Velkoska, Violeta Title: Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Through the Practice of the Domestic Courts Summary: The lack of thorough empirical analysis of the situation in the Republic of Macedonia regarding the issue of the state’s success in tackling the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings within the institutions responsible for its prosecution and suppression is a motive for developing the report “Suppression of Trafficking in Human Beings through the practise of the domestic of the domestic courts” of the Coalition “All For Fair Trial”. The research encompassed within the Report, for most of the cases in relation to the criminal offences of “Trafficking in Human Beings”, “Mediation in Prostitution” and “Smuggling of Migrants” tried before basic courts in Macedonia, is the first systemized data collection on a national level. Details: Skopje, Macedonia: Coalition "All for Fair Trials", 2005. 91p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 8, 2010 at http://www.osce.org/documents/mms/2005/12/17412_en.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Macedonia URL: http://www.osce.org/documents/mms/2005/12/17412_en.pdf Shelf Number: 110878 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Smuggling of Migrants

Author: Human Rights Foundation of Monland. Women and Child Rights Project (WCRP) Title: Nowhere Else to Go: An Examination of Sexual Trafficking and Related Human Rights Abuses in Southern Burma Summary: "This report documents sexual trafficking and human rights abuses committed against Burmese women and children from 19 Townships in Mon State, Karen State, Tenasserim Division, Pegu Division, Rangoon Division and Mandalay Division. From 2004 to July 2009 the (Mon) Woman and Child Rights Project (WCRP)—Southern Burma documentation program compiled 40 separate incidents totaling 71 victims. This number represents only a small percentage of the instances of sexual trafficking from Burma to Thailand and other bordering nations, though the case studies of this report provide an important lens through which to view the present-day situation. Sexual trafficking and related human rights abuses are pervasive and arguably growing problems systematized by a harsh economic reality under the military rule of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Whereas the illegitimate junta has become a signatory of anti-trafficking protocols from the United Nations and founded internal regulatory committees to deal with such issues, the last decade has seen flagrant corruption along the border of Burma and Thailand. Government-organized NGOs dedicated to defending the rights’ of its people serve more as roadblocks than as catalysts for social advancement and equitable access to state resources. Facing a broken educational system most likely to betray them, women and girls inside Burma are left with few employable skills and must seek money in any way they can. A reeling marketplace stunted by the government’s economic mismanagement, increased militarization in rural and especially border areas, and the ear-ringing echoes of Cyclone Nargis and price fluctuations from a global economic downturn leave the women of the mainly-agrarian regions of Southern Burma with a glaring ultimatum: migrate or starve. The draw of being able to send money back to their home country in the form of remittances often cannot be tempered even by stories of corrupt traffickers, arrests, or dangerous and abusive living conditions upon arrival. Most of the incidents detailed in this report point to violent sexual abuses that took place during the trafficking process or upon arrival in Thailand, Malaysia, and other destinations. The interview subjects often narrate the types of factory and domestic jobs they were promised to contrast the illegal sex work and other exploitive labor they were forced to perform." Details: Burma: Human Rights Foundation of Monland, 2009. 92p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at: http://rehmonnya.org/data/nowhereelsetogo.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Burma URL: http://rehmonnya.org/data/nowhereelsetogo.pdf Shelf Number: 117670 Keywords: Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Farrell, Amy Title: Understanding and Improving Law Enforcement Responses to Human Trafficking: Final Report Summary: Though recognition of the importance and severity of human trafficking has grown in recent years, the identification and investigation of human trafficking cases remains a complex undertaking for local law enforcement. Effectively responding to human trafficking requires officers to notice and identify victims who often have been hidden from or had poor relationships with law enforcement in the past (e.g., women in prostitution, migrants, immigrant community member, and poor women). Sometimes officers may be reluctant to intervene in sex and labor trafficking situations due to a belief that victims were complicit with their own victimization. Local law enforcement response is further complicated by immigration issues since many local agencies have made a decision to not inquire about citizen status during routine policing activities as a means of building trust and confidence in the local community. Additionally, the crime of human trafficking may take backseat to other institutional priorities such as violence and drugs. Finally, officers must look at old problems or traditional crime categories such as prostitution through a different lens and therefore reclassify ‚offenders‛ such as prostitutes as victims. Since the enforcement of the law in the United States is predominately carried out by the thousands of local, county and state agencies representing diverse environments and local crime problems and coming from a variety of different organizational structures, fully understanding how law enforcement perceives and responds to the problem of human trafficking in the United States necessitates inquiry into the specific experiences of these agencies. The majority of research on law enforcement responses to human trafficking to date has focused on the experiences of a narrow number of large municipal police departments who were perceived to be most likely to come into contact with incidents of human trafficking. While this research has provided an important starting point for understanding the challenges law enforcement agencies encounter in the identification and investigation of human trafficking, it represents only the experiences of a limited number of large agencies. On the other hand, the research presented here documents in a systematic fashion, the present response of local, state and county law enforcement to human trafficking in the U.S. It provides the first description of the steps taken by local law enforcement to identify human trafficking. Additionally, it will shed light on the impact of law enforcement efforts by measuring how often identification of trafficking victims leads to their rescue and the prosecution of trafficking perpetrators. Ultimately, this research will prove instrumental in providing local law enforcement in the U.S. with the necessary tools to successfully identify, investigate and aid in the prosecution of cases of human trafficking. The project addresses four main areas: 1) the perceptions of trafficking held by law enforcement and the preparation agencies have taken to address the problem; 2) the frequency in which law enforcement identifies and investigates cases of human trafficking and 3) the characteristics of those cases investigated by law enforcement and 4) the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Details: Boston, MA: Northeastern University, Institute on Race and Justice, 2008. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Shelf Number: 110845 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime Police Investigations Policing Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Tyldum, Guri Title: Someone Who Cares: A Study of Vulnerability and Risk of Marriage Migration from Russia and Thailand to Norway Summary: This report describes opportunities and challenges for women who come to Norway from Thailand and Russia through marriage. The main emphasis is on ways into, as well as ways out of, transnational marriage. The report takes up topics such as motivation and expectations among those seeking transnational marriage, opportunities for marriage migration through networks and tourism, the role of international marriage agencies, consequences of divorce, the (lack of) willingness to return to country of origin and the women’s opportunities for starting a life on their own in Norway. The report describes the economic, legal and discursive frameworks that the women have to relate to, and how this in combination with the women’s personal resources for some can combine to create particular vulnerabilities and room for exploitation. In light of this the authors also discuss how exploitation of marriage migrants could raise the need for prosecution and protection within the human trafficking framework. Details: Oslo: Fafo, 2008. 142p. Source: Internet Resource: Fafo-report 2008:26; Accessed September 2, 2010 at: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20068/20068.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Norway URL: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20068/20068.pdf Shelf Number: 119733 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation

Author: Joseph, Victor Title: Stolen Lives: Dignity, Forgiveness, Hope, and Future-Mindedness for Victims of Sex Trafficking in India Summary: Trafficking is a particularly pernicious and vicious assault on individual dignity. How do the victims deal with the shame of what has happened to them? How do they forgive, if it is even deemed possible to forgive, those who have trampled on their dignity, and how is it possible for the victims to forgive themselves? How do the victims recover or establish a sense of control of their own lives and destinies? How do they regain hope and belief in the future? What if they had almost no sense of control in the first place? The focus of this study is on seeking to provide the beginnings of some answers to those all important questions. The report focuses on trafficked victims between the ages of 14 and 22 who were sold into brothels in India. Details: West Conshohocken, PA: John Templeton Foundation, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.templeton.org/sites/default/files/TraffickingReport_Final.pdf Year: 2010 Country: India URL: http://www.templeton.org/sites/default/files/TraffickingReport_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 119776 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jackson, Keith Title: Setting the Record: The Trafficking of Migrant Women in the England and Wales Off-Street Prostitution Sector Summary: Project Acumen is a wide-ranging study aimed at improving our understanding of the nature and scale of the trafficking of migrant women for sexual exploitation so it can be tackled more effectively. Led by the Regional Intelligence Unit for the South West, the project sought to measure the extent of trafficking in England and Wales and provide a more nuanced picture of the trafficking landscape. It highlights the sometimes complex circumstances of trafficked women and the varied techniques used by traffickers to influence, control and exploit them. The estimate of trafficking is built up from an examination of the off-street prostitution sector in seven regions, which has then been generalised to represent England and Wales as a whole. The project calculated the number of businesses operating in the sector, and then converted this into the number of women involved in prostitution (allowing for differences in size between businesses). The project has estimated the sector consists of 6,000 businesses and 30,000 women involved in prostitution. 17,000 of these women are migrants, and these were the focus of further analysis. To assess the extent of trafficking, detailed information was gathered from a sample of migrant women involved in prostitution. This was done using a systematic methodology drawn from an internationally recognised process drawing on the International Labour Organisation’s operational indicators of trafficking system and adhering to the United Nations definition of human trafficking (which is also used by the Government). This definition requires three components: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by certain defined means for the purpose of exploitation. The research included specially trained police officers conducting interviews with a sample of over 200 women involved in prostitution to determine each woman’s individual circumstances. The results and findings were considered in consultation with experts from law enforcement, support services and academia; this rigorous approach was intended to ensure that the estimate is as reliable as possible. The analysis suggests that of the 17,000 migrant women involved in prostitution in the off-street sector: • 2,600 are trafficked. These are highly vulnerable people. Although most are not subject to violence themselves, many are debt-bonded and strictly controlled through threats of violence to family members. 1,300 of these women are from China, and most of the rest are from South East Asia (primarily Thailand) and Eastern Europe. • 9,􀏮00 are considered to be vulnerable. Although they have elements of vulnerability to trafficking, most are likely to fall short of the trafficking threshold. There may be cultural or financial factors which prevent them from exiting prostitution (or seeking help to do so) but they tend to have day to day control over their activities, and although they may have large debts they generally do not consider themselves to be debt-bonded. The majority of women in this category are from Eastern Europe (4,100), followed by those from China and South East Asia (3,700). The remaining women are from South America and Africa. • 5,500 do not meet the ‘trafficked’ or ‘vulnerable’ thresholds. These women were aware before leaving their home country that they would likely become involved in prostitution, live and work largely independently of third party influence, keep a significant proportion of the money they earn and are not subject to debt-bondage or threats of violence. 85 per cent of migrants in this category are from Eastern Europe, and there are relatively few barriers preventing them from existing prostitution and returning to their countries of origin. The report also finds that significant regional differences exist. For example, in London 96.4 per cent of women involved in prostitution are migrants, compared with only 31.5 per cent in Yorkshire and the Humber. Details: London: Association of Chief Police Officers, Regional Intelligence Unit for the South West, 2010. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Setting%20the%20Record%20(Project%20ACUMEN)%20Aug%202010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Setting%20the%20Record%20(Project%20ACUMEN)%20Aug%202010.pdf Shelf Number: 119794 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migrants Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Canada. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Criminal Intelligence Title: Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: Project SECLUSION was prepared for the Immigration and Passport Branch as a national overview of human trafficking activities in an effort to identify the extent of organized crime involvement, transnational associations, source countries, as well as issues and challenges faced by law enforcement. This report also serves as a preliminary baseline of human trafficking activities affecting Canada in both the transnational and domestic perspectives. Details: Ottawa: RCMP, 2010. 49p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 119806 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Transnational Crime

Author: Overseas Development Institute Title: Increasing Visibility and Promoting Policy Action to Tackle Sexual Exploitation In and Around Schools in Africa Summary: Sexual exploitation and sexual violence in or around schools is a serious and pressing problem throughout West Africa2 that necessitates greater policy attention. In a global report on all settings (not just schools), the World Health Organization estimates that 150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 years have experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence around the world. This, combined with the fact that such violence is generally carried out by offenders known to the child (relatives and authority figures, including teachers and school authorities), provides a hint of the magnitude of the problem of school-based sexual violence. Examining what little quantitative information exists for West Africa reinforces this. According to a 2006 survey of 10 villages in Benin, 34% of school children interviewed confirmed that sexual violence occurs within their schools and 15% of teachers acknowledged that sexual harassment takes place within the school and yet rarely are such incidences reported or perpetrators held accountable. In Ghana, a study conducted in 2003 suggested that 6% of the girls surveyed had been victims of sexual blackmail over their class grades, 14% of rape cases had been perpetrated by school comrades, while 24% of boys in the study admitted to having raped a girl or to have taken part in a collective rape (UNICEF Bureau Regional Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre 2008). As the 2006 United Nations Study on Violence against Children (hereafter UNVAC) demonstrated, the long-term consequences of such high incidence of sexual abuse and exploitation are profound; above all sexual exploitation at and around schools compromises the rights to education, freedom from oppression and equality as set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. For girls, sexual exploitation also undermines gender equality and prevents girls and women from obtaining equal educational and public sphere opportunities - as outlined in Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Being denied access to quality education, or feeling intimidated in or en route to the classroom, can also reinforce poverty by lowering school attendance rates. This not only threatens the achievement of MDG 2 (universal primary education) (Action Aid 2004), but also in the longer term risks lowering human development levels and potential contributions to broader national development goals as students are discouraged from pursing their studies and thereby progressing to higher education and qualified employment. Sexual abuse may also result in serious health effects, such as the transmission of sexual infections, particularly HIV, unwanted pregnancies and psychological trauma. This briefing paper seeks to raise awareness of the problem of sexual exploitation in and around schools in the West African region. It also highlights problems with regards to limited evidence and explores policy implications. It aims to support Plan’s regional ‘Learn Without Fear’ campaign and contributes evidence to the global debate on sexual exploitation in and around schools and children in general. Details: Dakar, Ponty, West Africa: Plan International, 2008. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/Rapport_plan_LWF_web_(3).pdf Year: 2008 Country: Africa URL: http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/Rapport_plan_LWF_web_(3).pdf Shelf Number: 119831 Keywords: Rape School Crime School Violence Sexual Exploitation Sexual Harassment Sexual Violence

Author: Stacey, Lisa Title: Whose Child Now? Fifteen Years of Working to Prevent the Sexual Exploitation of Children in the UK Summary: This report describes some of the key issues for children affected by sexual exploitation in the UK. Fifteen years on, this report explores the continuing hidden nature of the problem and describes what Barnardo’s is doing today, while suggesting what action still remains to be taken to further protect exploited children and young people. Details: Ilford, UK: Barnardo's, 2009. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/whose_child_now.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/whose_child_now.pdf Shelf Number: 119848 Keywords: 129907 Human Trafficking Prostitution Runaways Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights Title: Violence Against Women in Cambodia: 2006 Summary: Historically, Cambodians have suffered through a culture of violence perpetuated by the Khmer Rouge regime and other political groups. The impact of this violence continues to affect many people within Cambodia. One of the most vulnerable affected groups are the women of Cambodia. Violence against women – particularly in the form of domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation – is one of the most serious human rights problems in Cambodia. Although Cambodia is beginning to recognize the significance of violence against women, the extent of the Government’s willingness to educate the judiciary, the police and the public on these issues, and to implement laws and policies that prevent such violence and protect victims, is still quite limited. Cambodia ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1992 and committed to enforcing the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG) in 2000. Both instruments contain provisions to reduce and eliminate violence against women, but there has been insufficient government action to implement them. Since 1992, the Government’s progress in reducing and eliminating violence against women since 1992 has been slow and often inadequate. In 2006, the period covered by this report, no new laws or influential policies protecting women from violence were passed or implemented by the Government. This report aims to provide a realistic account of the trauma suffered by Cambodian women from domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. The report is based on information from LICADHO’s Women’s Rights Office, based in Phnom Penh, and staff in 12 provincial offices, and it also features personal stories of violence from four Cambodian women. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: LICADHO, 2007. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/105LICADHOReportViolenceWoman2006.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/105LICADHOReportViolenceWoman2006.pdf Shelf Number: 117362 Keywords: Domestic Violence Human Trafficking Rape Sexual Exploitation Violence Against Women

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Human Trafficking: New Directions for Research Summary: As part of the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT), a two-day meeting of research experts was organized by IOM, in collaboration with UNODC and ILO. The meeting took place in Cairo on the 11th and 12th of January 2008. The overall objective of the meeting was to contribute to the prevention and elimination of human trafficking by developing a set of recommendations to promote new ways of studying trafficking and to enhance the quality of research on the subject. The research initiative also responds directly to one of UN.GIFT’s three strategic goals: to broaden the knowledge base of data, facts and research on trafficking. The report includes 10 papers from the meeting: four address "conceptual and data issues," while the remaining six present overviews of the status of research on trafficking in specific regions (Asia, Europe, Middle East and North Africa, North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean). Details: Geneva: IOM, 2008. 190p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf Shelf Number: 117677 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ireland. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Title: Summary Report of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland for 2009 Summary: The Summary Report of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland for 2009 is the first report to be produced by the State regarding suspected and potential victims of trafficking. The report provides an extensive overview of trafficking in human beings as it occurred in Ireland in 2009. Information was collected from a number of different sources which included the Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB), the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service (INIS) of the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform and several non-governmental organisations. The report also provides important information regarding the suspected victims, their backgrounds and their experiences. Details: Dublin: Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, 2010. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2010 at: http://www.justice.ie/en/jelr/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf/Files/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.justice.ie/en/jelr/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf/Files/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf Shelf Number: 119937 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa Title: Wolves in Sheep's Skin: A Rapid Assessment of Human Trafficking in Musina, Limpopo Province of South Africa Summary: This report found evidence of the trafficking of migrants entering South Africa from Zimbabwe. The report, "Wolves in Sheep's Skin: A Rapid Assessment of Human Trafficking in Musina, Limpopo Province of South Africa", finds that migrants in the region are regularly subjected to high levels of abuse and violence, which in turn makes them vulnerable to trafficking. It specifically identifies cases involving trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation, forced criminal activity such as the sale of illegal substances, servitude, extortion and other forms of exploitation. The report found that some migrant groups are particularly at risk, such as victims of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV); those who have been stranded, robbed or subjected to other forms of violence; women and girls involved in prostitution and transactional sexual behaviour; and unaccompanied minors travelling alone or with adults. Situated approximately 20 km from the Zimbabwean border, Musina is the point of entry for a large number of Zimbabwean migrants. A total of 130 respondents from Zimbabwe and South Africa were interviewed in August 2009, including migrants, government officials, service providers, farm managers and so called malaisha or taxi drivers, frequently involved in human smuggling. Identified factors contributing to migrant vulnerability include the political and socio-economic insatiability in Zimbabwe, the lack of adequate border controls, difficulty in obtaining travel documents, the establishment of informal criminal networks, an increase in the movement of women and unaccompanied minors, and a lack of awareness and experience regarding safe migration. The report also notes that addressing the incidence of violence and abuse reported by migrants – and particularly by women and children – is as critical as the issue of human trafficking itself. The assessment also revealed that migrants in Musina are vulnerable to a range of health care concerns such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive health problems, physical trauma, negative psychosocial reactions, malnutrition and limited access to health care. The report identifies shortfalls in policy and practice with regard to human trafficking in Musina, including insufficient capacity of law enforcement and border officials to identify cases of human trafficking; inadequate referral, shelter and assistance networks; and deficient investigation and prosecution of incidences of abuse and violence against migrants. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2010. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 14, 2010 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce?entryId=27157 Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce?entryId=27157 Shelf Number: 119964 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gentiana, Ioana Title: Trafficking in Children in Romania: Study on the Recruiting Process Summary: Human trafficking in every form (sexual exploitation, forced labour and begging or perpetration of crimes) continues to be a worldwide social phenomenon that is morally, psychologically and physically prejudiced to its both its direct victims and others. This phenomenon becomes even more alarming when children are trapped into trafficking networks. In many cases children fall into the hands of individuals for whom nothing is more important than the perspective of financial benefits obtained from their exploitation. The study, achieved within the RO2006/IB/JH 08 Twinning Project - “Improving the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in the prevention of trafficking in human beings in line with the current European standards and best practices (Strengthening the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in preventing human traffic in compliance with the European standards and the best current practices”) represent the outcome of a fruitful cooperation between the Austrian experts from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna, and the research team of the National Agency against Human Trafficking within the General Inspectorate of Romanian Police. The study was a part of the activities provisioned within the “A” component of the PHARE Project. One of its main objectives is to strengthen the research capacity of the National Agency against Human Trafficking. Various studies and much research on human trafficking has been undertaken during the last few years; however, some questions remained without answers necessary to understanding the phenomenon: “What are the main causes and how exactly does the recruitment process of trafficked minors for the purpose of exploitation take place? Also, Why, in similar living conditions, only some minors become victims of human traffic and other do not?” These are examples of questions concerning the research. This study intends to offer further relevant information to understand the children trafficking phenomenon by detailing the recruitment process and other related aspects while analyzing the favouring factors encouraging minors’ vulnerability. Details: Bucharest: Alpha MDN, 2009. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/studiu%20ade%20eng.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Romania URL: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/studiu%20ade%20eng.pdf Shelf Number: 120043 Keywords: Begging Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Tamas, Ana-Maria Title: Sociological Research Handbook On Child Trafficking Summary: What do we know about trafficking? This simple question is being discussed throughout the previous years in Europe on numerous conferences and academic meetings. The big discrepancy between the quantitative estimations of the size of the crime and the real figures is only one area among much more where the call is made for more and better data and research. Rather than finding simple answers, including comparable statistics and a common framework of data analyzing, more complex questions have been raised. European criminal codes defining trafficking in human beings consist of different cultural and historical layers that go back to the 19th Century. They include patterns of criminal and economic dimensions combined with moral attitudes. In the contemporary framework some of these notions still appear in the anti-trafficking discourses: the images of naïve and over-credulous women and girls combined with other gender and racial stereotypes as well as the predominant focus on sexual exploitation. In order to come to a sound understanding of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings one has to identify the myths and stereotypes being used in the framework as well as to highlight the facts. Comprehensible research and profound methodology are key to improve the understanding of the phenomenon. This handbook reflects the process of a cooperative (research that we did) as part of the Twinning Project “Strengthening the capacity to prevent trafficking in human beings in Romania”. It provides methodologies, frameworks and practical examples in order to guide future research efforts. It takes into account the importance of data protection and research ethics as a core in all researches in the area of human trafficking. Details: Bucharest: Alpha MDN, 2009. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/manual%20ade%20eng.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Romania URL: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/manual%20ade%20eng.pdf Shelf Number: 120044 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Totten, Mark Title: Investigating the Linkages between FASD, Gangs, Sexual Exploitation and Women Abuse in the Canadian Aboriginal Population: A Preliminary Study Summary: Over the last decade there has been an increase in the reporting of Aboriginal gangs and the impact on individuals, communities and youth in Canada. Some reports have described youth involvement in these gangs as reaching crisis proportions, particularly in prairie provinces, since the social impacts of gangs are directly linked to the drug trade, violence, weapons trade, sexual exploitation and the trafficking of women and girls. The impact on Aboriginal women and girls is particularly worrisome, as their involvement in gang activity is increasing, which may be directly related to their vulnerability and marginalization in Canadian society. This link is surmised by the fact that Aboriginal girls and women are significantly more likely than any other group in the country to die at a young age from suicide, homicide or serious illness; they suffer disproportionately elevated rates of sexual and physical abuse as children and adults; rates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) appear to be elevated in the Aboriginal (particularly the First Nations) population, which is directly linked to higher rates of drug and alcohol use and addictions at a young age; and, they make up the large majority of all individuals in Canada who are involved in the sex trade and sexual trafficking. In addition to these indicators, there is increasing evidence that suggests gangs are responsible for the sexual exploitation and sexual slavery of Aboriginal women and girls. While there is an increasing awareness of the involvement of Aboriginal girls in gangs, there is little published evidence to determine concrete linkages between gangs, sexual exploitation and violence. One factor that has not yet been explored, as both a cause, consequence and compounding factor of the exploitation of Aboriginal women and girls and gang involvement is FASD. The purpose of this research report for the Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC) is to provide an exploratory investigation into the linkages between many of the abovementioned phenomena - to begin a journey into making the connection between FASD, sexual exploitation, gangs, and extreme violence in the lives of Aboriginal young women. In so doing, we hope to develop a plan to prevent Aboriginal young women from using alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. Details: Ottawa: Native Women's Association of Canada, 2009. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2010 at: http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/NWAC%20FASD%20SexExplGangs%202009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/NWAC%20FASD%20SexExplGangs%202009.pdf Shelf Number: 120115 Keywords: Aboriginals Alcohol Abuse Female Victims Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Gangs Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM): United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations Title: Addressing Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: An Analytical Inventory of Peacekeeping Practice Summary: Despite increased attention to the women, peace and security agenda since the UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1325 in October 2000, major analytical and implementation gaps remain. One such gap is the effort to combat conflict-related sexual violence — the premise of subsequent Security Council resolutions 1820 and 1888 — and the potential of uniformed peacekeepers to help fight such violence. Addressing Conflict-Related Sexual Violence — An Analytical Inventory of Peacekeeping Practice captures best practices and emerging elements for a more effective response by peacekeepers to women’s security concerns. From initiating firewood patrols in Darfur to establishing market escorts, night patrols and early-warning systems in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the document catalogues direct and indirect efforts to combat sexual violence during and in the wake of war. While the focus of this publication is on the practical methods by which military, police and civilian peacekeepers can prevent sexual violence, it is also part of a broader agenda to improve the capacities of peacekeepers to protect civilians effectively. Details: New York: United Nations, 2010. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 29, 2010 at: http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/Analytical_Inventory_of_Peacekeeping_Practice_online.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/Analytical_Inventory_of_Peacekeeping_Practice_online.pdf Shelf Number: 120126 Keywords: Female Victims of Crime Rape Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Solhjell, Randi Title: Protecting Civilians Against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Eastern Chad Summary: Chad has consistently ranked near the bottom of the Human Development Index. Over the past decade it has experienced the effects of domestic disputes, political instability and growing rebel activity, spillover from the Darfur crisis and the proxy war between government of Sudan and Chad, and widespread violence in the northern Central African Republic (CAR). The consequences have included an influx of refugees from Darfur and CAR seeking protection in neighbouring Chad and an increase in the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Although fighting has diminished in recent years, the high number of refugees and IDPs as well as banditry groups and the proliferation of arms continue to pose great security risks. This report focuses on the protection of civilians, especially in terms of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), the Chadian police/ gendarme force Détachment Intégré de Securité (DIS), the potential for early recovery and the prospects of protection provided by the government of Chad after the withdrawal of MINURCAT. Dealing with SGBV involves improving security and is an important element in the humanitarian imperative to protect civilians under the auspices of international humanitarian law and international human rights. In June 2008, the United Nation Security Council (UNSC) unanimously adopted Resolution 1820. The resolution aims at ending sexual violence in conflict, and states: ‘rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide’. It is the result of a much broader agenda to mainstream gender perspectives at all levels of the UN peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations and peace negations since the adoption of UNSC Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security, of which Resolution 1820 is a strengthened prolongation. Details: Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2010. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 29, 2010 at: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/NUPI_ProtectingCivilians AgainstSexualandGender-BasedViolenceinEasternChad.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Chad URL: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/NUPI_ProtectingCivilians AgainstSexualandGender-BasedViolenceinEasternChad.pdf Shelf Number: 120127 Keywords: Rape Sex Crime Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Sweden. National Criminal Police. Criminal Intelligence and Investigation Division, Intelligence Section Title: Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual and Other Purposes. Situation Report 9: 1 January - 31 December 2006 Summary: The National Criminal Investigation Department's ninth situation report on trafficking in human beings for sexual and other purposes contains an account of the work done by the police to combat trafficking in human beings. It also contains an explanation of how this can be prevented and suppressed, and also an account of current legislation in this area and its application. Details: Stockholm: National Criminal Police, 2009. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2010 at: http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/01%20Polisen%20nationellt/Engelskt%20informationsmaterial/Trafficking_Lagesrapport_9_ENG.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/01%20Polisen%20nationellt/Engelskt%20informationsmaterial/Trafficking_Lagesrapport_9_ENG.pdf Shelf Number: 120151 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: American Bar Association. Latin America & Caribbean Law Initiative Title: Trafficking in Persons in Ecuador: Assessment One, September to December 2004 Summary: In June 2004 the American Bar Association’s Latin America Law Initiative (ABA/LALIC) held a conference on Trafficking in Persons in Cuenca, Ecuador, with support from the U.S. Embassy and co-sponsorship from the Supreme Court of Ecuador and the National Council of the Judiciary. The results collected from the discussions in the break out groups and the plenary sessions all demonstrated the need, as expressed by the conference attendees, for a practical assessment of the situation in country. The Ecuadorians suggested that the assessment focus on: 1) How the problem is defined and perceived; 2) the realities and challenges facing Ecuador; 3) planning guidelines and priorities, and 4) strategies for a workable plan. This project set out to conduct an assessment that will serve as a guide for the development and planning of the project. The major goals of this assessment are to: 1) identify organizations around the country working on trafficking and trafficking related issues; 2) identify the major trends/themes in the trafficking and anti-trafficking activities; 3) identify gaps in service, public policy and see how they relate to the existing legislative framework, and finally to 4) develop recommendations for the project. With this in mind, the report is divided into three main components: Part I of the assessment looks at the economic and social underpinnings of the country to give context to the reasons why trafficking in persons is gaining strength in Ecuador. Part II of the assessment discusses important themes that surround the actual trafficking in persons. These themes include the nature of the problem; where trafficking is most prevalent and why; defining who is a victim; pinpointing some of the underlying causes; and exploring the legislative gaps that hamstring effective prosecution. Part III of the assessment takes the information gathered and presented in this document and sets out the recommendations according to the three “p’s” (Prevention, Prosecution and Protection). Details: Chicago: Latin America & Caribbean Law Initiative, 2005(?). 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2010 at: http://www.abanet.org/rol/publications/ecuador_tips_assessment_final.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Ecuador URL: http://www.abanet.org/rol/publications/ecuador_tips_assessment_final.pdf Shelf Number: 120271 Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Ecuador) Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation

Author: Larsen, Jacqueline Joudo Title: Migration and People Trafficking in Southeast Asia Summary: Although the number of identified cases of trafficking into Australia is relatively low, the hidden nature of this crime and reluctance of trafficked persons to report to authorities suggests that a number of cases may go unidentified and the problem may be more extensive than available data indicates. Much can be learned about the risks of exploitation, including trafficking, from an overview of undocumented movement throughout the region. The risk of people being trafficked to Australia is largely mitigated by well-protected borders and economic opportunities in more accessible regions. However, management of the risks of trafficking in the southeast Asian region is connected to strategies that aim to prevent trafficking at source countries and to the activities of Australians and Australian entities in those countries. Characteristics of migration in southeast Asia—such as the role of informal networks in facilitating movement and the exploitation of migrants for non-sex work as well as sex work—hold important implications for Australia’s response to people trafficking. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 401: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/D/8/6/%7BD868274B-2F97-45DB-BA32-3DBB7290A7C4%7Dtandi401.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/D/8/6/%7BD868274B-2F97-45DB-BA32-3DBB7290A7C4%7Dtandi401.pdf Shelf Number: 120302 Keywords: Border Security Human Trafficking (Australia) Migrants Migration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cavener, John Title: Sexual Exploitation: 'Internal Trafficking' of Chidlren and Young People at Risk in the North East and Cumbria Summary: This report explores the internal trafficking of children and young people for the purpose of sexual exploitation across the North East and Cumbria. The project was funded by the Northern Rock Foundation, and took place across a 16-month period beginning in August 2008. The main aims and objectives of this project were to highlight: · What factors make children and young people vulnerable to sexual exploitation within the region; · What factors facilitate the internal trafficking of children and young people at risk of sexual exploitation within the region; · What range of sexually exploitative activities children and young people within the region are engaged in; and · What levels of professional awareness, range of interventions, gaps in provision and models of practice exist among agencies engaging children and young people at risk. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundation, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2010 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/downloads/Sexual%20Exploitation%20-%20Internal%20Trafficking.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/downloads/Sexual%20Exploitation%20-%20Internal%20Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 120349 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Trafficking (U.K.) Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nair, P.M. Title: Trafficking Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation: Handbook for Law Enforcement Agencies in India Summary: "Irrefutable is the fact that trafficking of women and children is a grave violation of Human Rights and one of the most serious organized crimes of the day, transcending cultures, geography and time. The response by the agencies concerned in addressing the issues has been far from satisfactory, which has exacerbated the violations and harm to the trafficked persons. No wonder, the vulnerable sections have become more prone to trafficking. The spate of incidents reported from different parts of the country, where thousands of children remain untraced, is a symptom of the serious dimension of trafficking. In order to address this issue, there is a need for empowering the Law Enforcement agencies, i.e., police, prosecutors, judiciary, correctional administrators, development administrators as well as the social activists and the media so that they are fully empowered with knowledge, skills and appropriate attitude. This hand book, carefully drafted after stupendous efforts by Dr P.M.Nair, is an outstanding contribution in empowering each one in addressing human trafficking from a human rights perspective." Details: New Delhi: UNIFEM; UNODC, 2007. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2010 at: http://ru.unrol.org/files/Handbook_for_Law_Enforcement_Agencies_in_India[1].pdf Year: 2007 Country: India URL: http://ru.unrol.org/files/Handbook_for_Law_Enforcement_Agencies_in_India[1].pdf Shelf Number: 119120 Keywords: Human Rights Human Trafficking (India) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Title: Combating Trafficking in Persons in Accordance with the Principles of Islamic Law Summary: Trafficking in persons or human trafficking, a recognized human rights violation prohibited by international law, affects all countries and regions of the world. As a national and international, often organized crime, it knows no boundaries" geographic, cultural, political, or religious. Its victims and perpetrators hail from all around the world, and its flows reach from and to some of the most far-flung corners of the planet. It manifests itself as exploitation in different forms and types across countries, but no region is immune. In this global phenomenon, Muslim countries are no exception" all are affected by this crime. Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, as well as for labor exploitation in the domestic service industry and in agriculture and construction, affect Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Trafficking of children and women for sexual and labor exploitation likewise occurs in African countries both within and across national borders. In South and Southeast Asia, trafficking in men, women and children for similar purposes, which may also include trafficking for the purpose of begging and child sex tourism, are prevalent. While international law provides the central guiding framework for States in combating human trafficking, for this effort to be most effective, national legislatures should design legal provisions which, while consistent with international law, are also responsive to national specifics and are tailored to the legal structures and the phenomenon of trafficking as manifested in each State. Given that the legal traditions and legal systems in many Muslim countries rely primarily on Islamic law, a study of Islamic legal provisions and traditions which relate to trafficking in persons becomes important. An understanding of Islam's position on trafficking in persons and its related acts and elements, can provide important avenues for the development of a comprehensive approach to combating trafficking in Muslim countries, one which draws on and is grounded in the Islamic tradition, as well as in compliance with international law. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze the Islamic legal tradition from the perspective of those sources, principles and provisions that may best be utilized in understanding, addressing, and combating trafficking in persons. More specifically, this entails the elaboration of a comprehensive theory of Islamic legal principles for the prohibition of the crime of trafficking in persons, and associated acts and means on the one hand, and the protection of victims of trafficking on the other. It involves understanding what the nature of the crime of trafficking under the Islamic law of crime and punishment is and what protections and safeguards are provided by Islamic law to the accused in the prosecution of trafficking. It merits analyzing how Islam relates to a victim-centered approach to the problem, and what the obligations of the ordinary citizen in providing victims with assistance may be. It is also necessary that any checklist of issues addressing trafficking in persons under Islamic law also include prevention, education, and public awareness—all core principles of a comprehensive strategy of combating trafficking as enshrined in international law. Some of the important questions tacked as part of this paper will thus include, for example, how does Islamic law provide for the principle of compensation for victims of a crime? In regard to prevention, how does Islam deal with vulnerable victims such as children, orphans, refugees and internally displaced persons, and non-Muslims living in a Muslim country? How does, if at all, a religious approach differ from a non-religious approach when one designs a public awareness campaign or educational curricula? In answering these and similar questions, the paper will address how applicable principles of Islamic legal theory relate to various forms of trafficking in persons, especially those most pertinent to the context of Muslim countries. An exploration of the forms of trafficking which are most significant in the Muslim world will thus be explored accordingly. The international framework governing trafficking in persons, especially the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, as the central guiding international instrument for combating trafficking in persons, will serve as a foundational and comparative frame of reference throughout the paper. Since the source of Islamic law is the religious text, as opposed to legislation or court decisions, issues of religion that are relevant to trafficking in persons may arise and it is among the aims of this paper to address these considerations. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2009. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2010 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNODC_Trafficking_and_Islamic_Law_-_Amended.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNODC_Trafficking_and_Islamic_Law_-_Amended.pdf Shelf Number: 120420 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Islam Sexual Exploitation

Author: Claude, Kajsa Title: Targeting the Sex Buyer. The Swedish Example: Stopping Prostitution and Trafficking Where It All Begins Summary: This publication presents the Swedish view on human trafficking for sexual purposes and prostitution. Its point of departure is that the demand for sexual services sustains these deplorable activities. Seen from this perspective, Sweden has taken a number of important steps, including stricter laws; measures designed to increase cooperation among authorities and organizations; and efforts to ensure better protection for victims and safe repatriation to their countries of origin. Details: Solna: Swedish Institute, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 9, 2010 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Swedish_Institute_Targeting_the_sex_buyer.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Swedish_Institute_Targeting_the_sex_buyer.pdf Shelf Number: 120434 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Frederick, J. Title: Trafficking and Exploitation in the Entertainment and Sex Industries in Nepal: A Handbook for Decision-Makers Summary: This report calls for immediate action to end commercial sexual exploitation and abuse of children under the guise of ‘entertainment’ in Nepal. The handbook also highlights how internal trafficking within Nepal is as problematic as trafficking of women and children to India. Details: Kathmandu, Nepal: Terre des hommes Foundation, 2010. 131p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 14, 2010 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/handbook.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/handbook.pdf Shelf Number: 120500 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Nepal) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Willoughby, Michelle Title: Demand Deterrence Strategies: International Initiatives to Eliminate Demand for the Sex Trade Summary: Today’s research on prostitution largely focuses on the women selling sex rather than on the men who buy sex. The rule of supply and demand highlights the significant role that the buyers play in maintaining prostitution. If there was not a demand for prostitution, then prostitution simply would not exist. In recent years, communities worldwide have started to acknowledge this perspective and have begun implementing demand deterrence strategies. This report highlights such strategies and may be used as a best practice guide for deterring the demand for prostitution around the world. CAASE does not necessarily endorse the strategies outlined in this report. Rather, CAASE has chosen to compile this listing as a resource for future demand deterrence initiatives. Some of the approaches enumerated here are insensitive to those in the sex trade and misrepresent their experiences. In order for any of these strategies to be effective, the culture can no longer view women in prostitution as perpetrators of a crime, nor can we blame them for the exploitation and violence perpetrated against them. The first section of the report offers a description of the most common and the most successful demand deterrence strategies utilized worldwide. The two appendixes that follow enumerate specific strategies in greater detail and are organized alphabetically, according to location. Some of the strategies listed are no longer in effect. In such cases, their activities are described in the past tense. They remain a part of the report, however, to preserve any potential usefulness that may arise from knowledge of such programs in the future. The report will be continually updated to reflect changes in community responses to the demand for prostitution. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2008. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 20, 2010 at: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/14-demand-deterrence-strategies.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/14-demand-deterrence-strategies.pdf Shelf Number: 120549 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Durchslag, Rachel Title: Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex Summary: In December of 2006 and June of 2007 the Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE), Prostitution Research and Education (PRE), and the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless (CCH) launched a research initiative in Chicago to investigate the cognitive and behavioral patterns of men who purchase sex. A team of ten individuals, including three survivors of the sex trade, were trained by CAASE and PRE. In total, the team interviewed 113 men who buy sex. Men were recruited through the “Erotic Services” section of Craigslist, the Chicago Reader, and Chicago After Dark. Each interview lasted approximately an hour and a half to two hours and consisted of both quantitative and qualitative questions. This report presents the findings of these interviews. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2008. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 20, 2010 at: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/17-deconstructing-the-demand-for-prostitution.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/17-deconstructing-the-demand-for-prostitution.pdf Shelf Number: 120550 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution (Chicago) Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Title: Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking Summary: Over the past decade, human trafficking has moved from the margins to the mainstream of international concern. During this period we have witnessed the rapid development of a comprehensive legal framework that comprises international and regional treaties, as well as a broad range of soft-law instruments relating to trafficking. These changes confirm that a fundamental shift has taken place in how the international community thinks about human exploitation. It also confirms a change in our expectations of what Governments and others should be doing to deal with trafficking and to prevent it. On a very practical level, a human rights-based approach to trafficking requires an acknowledgement that trafficking is, first and foremost, a violation of human rights. Trafficking and the practices with which it is associated, including slavery, sexual exploitation, child labour, forced labour, debt bondage and forced marriage, are themselves violations of the basic human rights to which all persons are entitled. Trafficking disproportionately affects those whose rights may already be seriously compromised, including women, children, migrants, refugees and persons with disabilities. A human rights approach to trafficking also demands that we acknowledge the responsibility of Governments to protect and promote the rights of all persons within their jurisdiction, including non-citizens. This responsibility translates into a legal obligation on Governments to work towards eliminating trafficking and related exploitation. A human rights approach to trafficking means that all those involved in anti-trafficking efforts should integrate human rights into their analysis of the problem and into their responses. This approach requires us to consider, at each and every stage, the impact that a law, policy, practice or measure may have on persons who have been trafficked and persons who are vulnerable to being trafficked. It means rejecting responses that compromise rights and freedoms. This is the only way to retain a focus on the trafficked persons: to ensure that trafficking is not simply reduced to a problem of migration, a problem of public order or a problem of organized crime. Details: New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2010. 255p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2011 at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Commentary_Human_Trafficking_en.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Commentary_Human_Trafficking_en.pdf Shelf Number: 120718 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Rights Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jakobsson, Niklas Title: The Law and Economics of International Sex Slavery: Prostitution Laws and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Summary: Trafficking in humans for sexual exploitation is an economic activity driven by profit motives. Laws regarding commercial sex influence the profitability of trafficking. Using cross country data we show that trafficking of persons for commercial sexual exploitation is least prevalent in countries where prostitution is illegal, most prevalent in countries where prostitution is legalized, and in between in those countries where prostitution is legal but procuring illegal. Case studies of countries that have changed legal framework support the claims on the direction of causality as well as the causal mechanisms. The results suggest that criminalizing buying and/or selling sex may reduce the amount of trafficking to a country. Details: Goteborg, Sweden: School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2010. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Papers in Economics, No. 458: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/22825/1/gupea_2077_22825_1.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/22825/1/gupea_2077_22825_1.pdf Shelf Number: 120729 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Vindhya, U. Title: Sex Trafficking of Girls and Women: Evidence from Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh Summary: A crucial gap in the trafficking literature from India is the dearth of primary data and micro studies that could be used for vulnerability mapping of the source areas and addressing the identified risk factors. The present paper is a small attempt to contribute to plugging the gap in the context of Andhra Pradesh, identified as a ‘hot spot’ in the trafficking literature. This paper is based on case studies of 78 women who had been trafficked from their places of origin in Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh to metropolitan cities across India and who have since returned to their homes. The paper attempted to identify the individual and family circumstances that contribute to the causes of trafficking, to highlight in particular the gendered vulnerabilities that set these women up for trafficking, and to capture the process of the trafficking experience. The findings of the study are located in the dynamic interplay of the social structural context and specificities of the district that contribute to causes of trafficking and the individual circumstances and agency of the women. The case studies reported in this paper are a pointer to the compelling urgency of interventions that will go beyond the forced/ voluntary divide in trafficking and sex work. Details: Hyderabad, India: Centre for Economic and Social Studies, 2010. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 90: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: www.eaber.org/intranet/documents/26/2355/CESS_Vindhya_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: India URL: Shelf Number: 120730 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking (India) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Minwalla, Sherizaan Title: Human Trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and Practices in Forced Labor and Sexual Exploitation Summary: Human trafficking in the form of forced prostitution and labor has long existed in Iraq, as has forced marriage and domestic servitude within the family, tribe and community. Since the 2003 invasion and subsequent civil war, Iraq has increasingly been a source of trafficking victims who are transported to neighboring countries, as well as a destination for foreign workers who are at risk of trafficking and come to Iraq from the Philippines, Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries where poverty is widespread. Furthermore, internal conflict and breakdown in law and order has resulted in a rise in kidnapping and trafficking from one location to another within Iraq. The Iraqi Constitution prohibits forced labor, kidnapping, slavery, slave trade, trafficking in women or children, and the sex trade, and the Government of Iraq ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ("CEDAW"). However Iraqi government officials have overwhelmingly failed to act to prevent abuses and to punish offenders. Iraq has not passed anti-trafficking legislation, allowing traffickers to continue to operate with impunity. Research and preliminary investigations leading to the production of this report indicate that Iraqi women and girls are being subjected to the following types of trafficking: 1) exploitation of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation; 2) forced labor or services; 3) slavery or practices similar to slavery; and 4) servitude. There are also credible reports of trafficking-related practices such as forced participation in criminal activity. Because of the nature of trafficking, quantitative measurement is inexact even in developed nations with functioning judicial and law enforcement sectors. In Iraq, measuring the scope of trafficking is far more difficult. However, there is ample evidence of established patterns and practices of trafficking, leading to a strong likelihood that hundreds of women have been trafficked over the last five years in the Kurdistan region, and thousands elsewhere in Iraq and in neighboring regions. In accordance with the Iraqi Constitution as well as international treaty obligations, Iraq must develop an effective national and regional counter-trafficking strategy. A comprehensive approach to combating trafficking must include prevention strategies, protection of trafficking victims, and prosecution of traffickers. This is a difficult time for Iraqis as they struggle with ongoing violence and war, as well as ongoing political restructuring in which many issues have yet to be determined. However it is also an opportune time to address trafficking and other serious human rights violations, as Iraq's national and regional governments work to strengthen the rule of law. Addressing problems of trafficking and other forms of gender-motivated violence is integral to this process of reform. Details: Chicago: Heartland Alliance, 2007. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Shelf Number: 120823 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Marcovich, Malka Title: Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution of Women and Girls in Iraq Summary: Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution of Women and Girls in Iraq is particularly based on firsthand knowledge gained through a consultation process with women and women’s organizations in Iraq and the neighboring region, over a period of three years. Many factors combine to promote the rise of sex trafficking and prostitution in the area: the US-led war and the chaos it has generated; the growing insecurity and lawlessness; corruption of authorities; the upsurge in religious extremism; economic hardship; marriage pressures; gender based violence and recurrent discrimination suffered by women; kidnappings of girls and women; the impunity of perpetrators of crimes, especially those against women; and the development of new technologies associated with the globalization of the sex industry. Organizations that have experience aiding victims of gender based violence, who are in contact with women in the brothels and in prisons, and who have done research in the field, as well as reports from international agencies and NGOs, address these factors. Not only war and economic insecurity push women and girls into prostitution but also the social situation of widows and single women who, without resources, are also without social networks and protection. Male violence, including battering of wives, incest and honor crimes are also push factors. Women and children have been the primary victims who have suffered the consequences of both the brutal reign of Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party and the war begun in 2003. The backlash against women and women’s rights and the terrorizing of women has become commonplace. The impotence of authorities has encouraged a culture of impunity in which crimes against women are minimized, neglected and denied. Security is a key issue for both victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and other forms of violence against women, and for those who assist and advocate for victims. This report investigates the factors that promote trafficking in women for prostitution, identifies the obtacles in preventing sexual exploitation and in punishing perpetrators, and recommends ways of addressing violence against women and protecting victims of trafficking and prostitution in Iraq. Details: Amman, Jordan: Norwegian Church Aid, 2010. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://www.kirkensnodhjelp.no/PageFiles/726/Report,%20Trafficking%20in%20Iraq%20(PDF).pdf Year: 2010 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.kirkensnodhjelp.no/PageFiles/726/Report,%20Trafficking%20in%20Iraq%20(PDF).pdf Shelf Number: 120825 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Iraq) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Violence Against Women

Author: Wahlberg, Kajsa Title: Manniskohandel for Sexualla Och Andra Andamal (Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual and Other Purposes) Summary: The situation report aims to provide a picture of human trafficking for various purposes, and also the way in which the extent and prevalence of human trafficking in Sweden has changed since the previous situation report for 2008. The report is based primarily on sentencing and preliminary investigations, and on information received by the police in recent years relating to human trafficking. The report is aimed primarily at the government, public authorities in general and the various police units in particular, though it contains information that may also be useful to NGOs and the general public. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Police Board, 2010. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Situation Report 11: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.si.se/upload/Human%20Trafficking/L%C3%A4g%2011%20Fin%20ENG.PDF Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.si.se/upload/Human%20Trafficking/L%C3%A4g%2011%20Fin%20ENG.PDF Shelf Number: 120908 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Sweden) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jobe, Alison Title: The Causes and Consequences of Re-trafficking: Evidence from the IOM Human Trafficking Database Summary: Although there is a consensus agreement among international organizations, governments and academics regarding the seriousness and significance of re-trafficking as a problem, there has been very little research conducted into its incidence, cause or consequence. The majority of information on and discussion about re-trafficking is anecdotal, and research findings, where they exist, are few in number. Where retrafficking is discussed in literature, it is often in relation to concerns over the links between re-trafficking and deportations and/or reintegration projects, although much empirical research regarding the exact nature of such relationships remains elusive. It is apparent from studies which have analysed rates of re-trafficking that the secondary trafficking of previously trafficked persons is a substantive issue – one that is not adequately reflected to date in the growing body of research on human trafficking. This research paper aims to address the gap through an exploratory analysis of known re-trafficking cases in the Human Trafficking Database of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Details: Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/published_docs/studies_and_reports/causes_of_retrafficking.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/published_docs/studies_and_reports/causes_of_retrafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 120905 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Combating Trafficking as Modern-Day Slavery: A Matter of Rights, Freedoms and Security: 2010 Annual Report Summary: The Special Representative (SR) is tasked by the 2005 Ministerial Council Decision to report annually to the Permanent Council on the progress achieved over the preceding year’s anti-trafficking work carried out throughout the OSCE region. This report covers the period from January to November 2010. The report is divided in four parts and deals with different aspects of the phenomenon, policies, actions, and challenges deriving from trafficking in women, men, and children for many different exploitative purposes. Part I “Trafficking in Human Beings as Modern-Day Slavery” explores the multiple forms of trafficking and addresses them as severe human rights violations, serious transnational organized crime, and threats to the individual and State security. Recent research and case studies from a variety of OSCE participating States help illustrate the phenomenon. Nowadays, trafficking in human beings is a serious crime that is widespread and ever-increasing throughout the OSCE region and beyond. Every day, thousands of people – among them a significant proportion of children – are deceived, abused, threatened and coerced into situations of exploitation that amount to slavery. The variety of forms of exploitation is endless and includes trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation, for domestic servitude, forced begging, petty crime, pickpocketing, and trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Part II “Joining Efforts to Tackle Trafficking in Human Beings” provides an overview of the work and internal co-ordination and co-operation further developed in 2010 by the OSCE institutions, structures and field operations. It presents the work carried out by the SR and her Office in strengthening the ongoing dialogue and action with the 2010 Kazakh OSCE Chairmanship and the participating States and, more specifically, with a wide range of Parliamentarians, government authorities, and judiciary representatives met during conferences, seminars, workshops, bilateral meetings held in different OSCE countries. Furthermore, this part of the report describes the external partnerships reinforced or newly established with many international, intergovernmental and civil society organizations to jointly combat human trafficking and fully promote comprehensive measures aimed at the protection of the rights of all trafficked persons. Part III “Stepping Forward: Challenges and Future Perspectives” concludes the report as a stand alone chapter by addressing four crucial areas that the OSR decided to focus on to advance the anti-trafficking action: prosecution and criminal justice response; protection of victims’ rights; prevention; and strengthening partnership. Furthermore, in line with the priorities of the Kazakh OSCE Chairmanship, the SR dedicated special attention to trafficking in children. Part IV of the report lists the references and an Annex recording the conferences and events attended by the SR and her Office in 2010. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2010. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2011 at: http://www.osce.org/cthb/74730 Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.osce.org/cthb/74730 Shelf Number: 120932 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Peters, Alicia W. Title: Trafficking in Meaning: Law, Victims, and the State Summary: This dissertation examines the ways in which US anti-trafficking law (and related policies) incorporates the social and political context in which it was created and examines the ways in which deep-seated beliefs about sex intersect the drafting, interpretation, and implementation of anti-trafficking law and policy. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on the diverse meanings and consequences of a recent US law, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, for criminal justice authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and victims of trafficking in the New York metro area. While all laws are subject to interpretation regarding meaning and application, the TVPA contains an especially complicated and layered definition of trafficking, reflecting the diverse constituencies (anti-prostitution feminists, evangelical Christians, and human rights advocates) that lobbied for radically different versions of anti-trafficking bills. This complexity in the law invites considerable flexibility in interpretation and application. This research examines distinctions between the “law on the books,” the “law in their minds,” and the “law in action” (Schuck, 2000) by looking at ruptures between the TVPA as written, as understood by the various actors for whom it has relevance, and as actually implemented. Correspondingly, this project analyzes how beliefs about trafficking and sex intersect with these three angles of inquiry. I argue that the TVPA is a rich cultural text, reflecting the social and political anxieties over prostitution, immigration, and victimization, among others, that surfaced during its drafting and that are replicated as various implementers interpret the law and reinforced through its application. Cultural norms and assumptions, regarding sex in particular, continually resurface through the everyday implementation of the law. As a result, a particular vision of trafficking (forced prostitution) and a specific type of victim (women forced into prostitution) is privileged in complicated ways that divert attention from trafficking into other labor sectors (domestic work, agriculture, factory labor, nude dancing, etc.) and from men altogether. Details: New York: Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 2010. 273p. Source: Internet Resource: Doctoral Thesis: Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Shelf Number: 120980 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Finckenauer, James O. Title: Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: The Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex Summary: Despite the concern and attention devoted to human trafficking in general and sex trafficking in particular over the past decade, there is still much about it that is unknown or subject to disagreement. And in general there has been little empirical research on the issue. Where there have been studies, the researchers have often drawn conclusions or generalized findings based on biased samples. Given this state of affairs, we have chosen in the study reported here to assume that prostitution is a multifaceted business with a proliferation of diverse women, and that therefore it is essential to study women in different sex venues and different destination countries in order to have a more nuanced and better balanced understanding of the transnational commercial sex business and its relation to sex trafficking. In contrast to the prevailing research approach in this area, of relying upon subjects defined by others, we instead decided to cast the broadest net possible, and to interview subjects under the broadest range of possible statuses. We also decided to conduct our subject interviews under circumstances that would maximize the probability that the subjects would be forthcoming and not constrained by other motives or agendas. In brief, we set out to conduct a study with the following specific aims: 1. To examine the underlying reasons for the illicit movement of women from China to destinations throughout Asia and to the U.S. for the purpose of prostitution. 2. To explore the structure or social organization of the movement of women from China to Asia and the U.S. 3. To understand the methods of recruiting, transporting, and managing Chinese women by various participants in the smuggling, trafficking, and sex businesses. 4. To investigate the economic aspects of smuggling, trafficking, and prostitution. 5. To examine the social adjustment and settlement patterns among Chinese women and the victimization and exploitation of these women by smugglers and traffickers and sex industry operators. 6. To analyze the individual and group characteristics of smugglers and traffickers and their relationships with gangs and organized crime. 7. To evaluate the problems and prospects of combating the movement of women from China to the rest of the world. Our goal was to shed light on one group of women who go overseas to engage in commercial sex – in this case women from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) – and to provide a more nuanced understanding of the movement of these women and its possible relation to sex trafficking. Our underlying assumption is that commercial sex, the transnational movement of women to overseas sex venues, and sex trafficking are linked. In this study, we sought to explore that linkage, and to consider whether that linkage is as characterized by the U.S. government and the United Nations in their respective codifications of human trafficking . A secondary goal was to inform the development of better strategies and responses to cope with these phenomena. Details: Newark, NJ: School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, 2010. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Report to the U.S. Department of Justice: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233583.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233583.pdf Shelf Number: 121045 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Seelke, Clare Ribando Title: Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: Trafficking in persons (TIP) is a growing problem in Latin America and the Caribbean, a region that contains major source, transit, and destination countries for trafficking victims. Major forms of TIP in the region now include commercial sexual exploitation of women and girls, labor trafficking within national borders (including child labor), and the trafficking of illegal immigrants in Mexico and Central America. Latin America is a primary source region for people that are trafficked to the United States, as well as for victims trafficked to Western Europe and Japan. As many as 17,500 are trafficked into the United States each year, according to State Department estimates. Latin America is also a transit region for Asian victims destined for the United States, Canada, and Europe. Some of the wealthier countries in the region (such as Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Argentina, Panama, and Mexico) also serve as TIP destinations. This report describes the nature and scope of the problem of trafficking in persons in Latin America and the Caribbean. It then describes U.S. efforts to deal with trafficking in persons in the region, as well as discusses the successes and failures of some recent country and regional anti-trafficking efforts. The report concludes by raising issues that may be helpful for Congress to consider as it continues to address human trafficking as part of its authorization, appropriations, and oversight activities. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: RL33200: Accessed March 18, 2011 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Shelf Number: 121070 Keywords: Child Labour Forced Labour Humkan Trafficking (Latin American and the Caribbe Illegal Immigrants Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jones, Jackie Title: Trafficking of Women and Children in Wales 2010 Summary: This report centres around the lived experience of victims of trafficking, be they men, women or children. It focuses on responses to the victims of trafficking as this is the area in which WAG has the most room to enact effective, rights-based policies. To this end, the report surveys the literature and legal instruments on trafficking in human beings. Much has been written about trafficking, much more needs to be said about trafficking in Wales. The literature reveals a clear lack of understanding about the issues involved in trafficking. For example, the relationships between trafficking and smuggling, forced labour and irregular work, the link between prostitution and trafficking, the link between marijuana consumption and child forced labour. There are gaps in knowledge over issues of identification of victims of trafficking and responses once identified as well as specialist provisions of services, despite the recent creation of a refuge for trafficked women in Wales. Gender-specific and child-friendly policy initiatives are at the heart of effective enforcement and protection strategies. These need to be tailored to the particular needs of local communities in Wales. Strategies that reflect the different landscapes – rural, urban, language, cultural – all require co-ordination in a national (Welsh) centre for trafficking. From that multi-agency point, training, awareness-raising, advocacy and many other services can be provided and tailored for the needs of the people in Wales. Details: Bristol, UK: Bristol Law School, University of the West of England, 201o. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Center for Legal Research, Working Paper No. 1: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Year: 0 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121108 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Wales) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Watson, Joyce Title: Knowing No Boundaries: Local Solutions to an International Crime Summary: The trafficking of women and children both from abroad into Wales and internally across the country is a crime which surrounds us all; there is no region in Wales which is exempt from the shadowy tentacles of this inhumane activity. calls for the establishment of a post which would bring together the knowledge and expertise of relevant authorities such as the police, social services and the UK Border Agency, the Children‟s Commissioner for Wales and voluntary organisations. Far from there being a uniform picture of trafficking across the country, each region and community has its own identity and circumstances which affect the trafficking trade. The holder of the new post would be responsible for developing community-specific strategies which reflect an area‟s landscape – rural, urban, linguistic and cultural and raise awareness of local people so more traffickers and victims could be uncovered. Details: Cardiff, Wales: National Assembly for Wales, Cross-Party Working Group on Trafficking of Women and Children, 2010. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://epoliticsdesigns.co.uk/trafficking/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Local-Solutions-to-an-International-Crime-Trafficking-of-Women-and-Children-in-Wales-20100.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://epoliticsdesigns.co.uk/trafficking/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Local-Solutions-to-an-International-Crime-Trafficking-of-Women-and-Children-in-Wales-20100.pdf Shelf Number: 121109 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Wales) Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Council of the Baltic Sea States. Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk Title: Baltic Sea Region – Information Management to Prevent Trafficking BSR IMPT Summary: This report is one of the results of a project implemented by the Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk, EGCC, within the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Unaccompanied and trafficked children is one of the priority areas for the EGCC. The “Baltic Sea Region – Information Management to Prevent Trafficking” project, BSR IMPT, explores information structures on child trafficking with the ambition of mapping existing information and intelligence structures aiming to picture information streams. Trafficking in children may appear a relatively minor problem. The official numbers – cases brought to trial – are very low. However, there may or may not be a hidden number. In any event, as trafficking constitutes a phenomenon closely associated with exploitation, prevention and protection measures need to address the ‘wider pool’ of children at risk of exploitation and, possibly therefore, trafficking. This is emphasised in the report. The report is grounded on information obtained mainly from three expert seminars and around 60 interviews in nine countries within the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Information management, IM, is a complex area, where a number of factors in the end determine how information is managed in terms of stream and channels. This report starts from sectors or groups of professionals involved and the complexity was stressed by many of the professionals, who may not be in a position to see the full picture and therefore are often uncertain where to address suspicions and intelligence which may be vital for other professionals. Professionals retrieve information from various sources. They may read reports or participate in conferences and seminars, which along with a number of training sessions provide professionals with the opportunity to share information. A number of professionals also engage in networks with colleagues or at a multi-sector level. Information is categorised. One category is anecdotes and myths; single stories or incidents that may or may not be cases of trafficking of children. There are huge challenges associated with exploring, verifying and making such information available across sectors, i.e. to police, social authorities, NGOs and others. The same is true of the flow of information between national, regional and local levels or across borders. In many countries reporting mechanisms between the local and national levels seem weak. The report concludes that information flows are facilitated if there is a centralised national organ to manage and orchestrate compilation and dissemination, along with a number of networks feeding it information. Here Denmark, Norway and, to some extent, Finland are well positioned. Equally CBSS and the EGCC pursue a role of centralised structure, functioning at the regional level as a convenor and amplifier by facilitating information flows across borders between the countries in the Baltic Sea region. National Contact Points, NCPs, have a central position in assuring links with the national level. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: Council of the Baltic Sea States, The Children's Unit, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://www.childcentre.info/public/CBSS_IMPT_report_new.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.childcentre.info/public/CBSS_IMPT_report_new.pdf Shelf Number: 121111 Keywords: Border Security Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kelleher Associates Title: Globalisation, Sex Trafficking and Prostitution: The Experiences of Migrant Women in Ireland Summary: Globalisation, Sex Trafficking and Prostitution - the Experiences of Migrant Women in Ireland" presents stark evidence of the trafficking of women and girls into and through Ireland for the purposes of sexual exploitation. It shines a light on the reality of large numbers of migrant women being sexually exploited in indoor prostitution in Ireland. Drawing on the experiences of these women, the report illustrates the severe emotional, physical and psychological harm that women who are trafficked and sexually exploited in Ireland endure. Details: Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland, 2009. 207p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/Trafficking_Report_FULL_LENGTH_FINAL.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/Trafficking_Report_FULL_LENGTH_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 121114 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ireland) Migrants Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: Ward, Eilis Title: The Nature and Extent of Trafficking of Women into Ireland for the Purposes of Sexual Exploitation 2000 - 2006: A Report from Findings Summary: This report provides a baseline of cases of sex-trafficking into Ireland between the years 2000 – 2006. It concludes that for these years, the probable minimum number of such cases was 76. The vast majority of those cases occurred between 2003 and 2006 and the majority of women trafficked into Ireland were from Eastern Europe. The second largest grouping came from Africa – and the single biggest national grouping from Nigeria. Women were also trafficked into Ireland from Asia and South America. These women were located in the sex industry in both Dublin and outside the capital in towns and cities throughout the country. Our research revealed the use of force, coercion, deception and physical and sexual violence as part of the transit journey. In most cases, when contact was made with agencies and organisations, the women were in states of distress, they frequently had little or no English and were extremely vulnerable. Of the 76 cases, 36 women subsequently disappeared from contact with the organisations and their whereabouts or status is unknown. Fourteen women were repatriated and twenty-two were granted leave to remain or, at the time of writing, were in the asylum process in Ireland. Three were deported and one woman was repatriated to a third country. Our research identified a serious gap in service provision and support in Ireland for women who have been sex-trafficked, largely deriving from the absence of legislation. While many organisations and services are attempting to fill that gap and collaboration exists between statutory and non-statutory agencies, the absence of a legislative framework, funding, policy directions and a coherent state response continues to hamper that work. Our research underlines the urgent need for legislation and that the Irish state is under international obligation to implement law and a policy response. The vast majority of our respondents stressed the importance of a human rights approach to such legislation. The research findings are derived from both qualitative and quantitative methodologies supported by a review of relevant international and Irish literature. Details: Galway: Social Sciences Research Center, National University of Ireland, 2007. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: SSCR Research Papers and Reports No. 39: Accessed March 28, 2011 at: http://www.nuigalway.ie/ssrc/documents/The%20Nature%20and%20Extent%20of%20Trafficking%20of%20Women%20into%20Ireland%20for%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20(2000-2006)%20-%202007.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.nuigalway.ie/ssrc/documents/The%20Nature%20and%20Extent%20of%20Trafficking%20of%20Women%20into%20Ireland%20for%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20(2000-2006)%20-%202007.pdf Shelf Number: 121144 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ireland) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: World Bank Title: Human Trafficking: A Brief Overview Summary: Millions of men, women and children are victims of human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation worldwide. The human and economic costs of this take an immense toll on individuals and communities. By conservative estimates, the cost of trafficking in terms of underpayment of wages and recruiting fees is over $20 billion. The costs to human capital are probably impossible to quantify. The problem of trafficking cuts across a range of development issues, from poverty to social inclusion, to justice and rule of law issues, and thus has relevance for practitioners throughout the development community. This note provides a brief overview on the issues of human trafficking, which can be used as a quick reference for the task team leaders, sector managers, directors, and their clients at the World Bank Group. This note will first provide a definition of human trafficking and the scope of the problem, then summarize the regional trends of trafficking patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the key actors in the anti-trafficking movement and the role played by development partners in preventing human trafficking. The final section offers some potential orientations for the World Bank Group to further engage this issue in its operations. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Social Development Notes, No. 122: Accessed April 6, 2011 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121254 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Willamette University College of Law, International Human Rights Clinic Title: Modern Salvery in Our Midst: A Human Rights Report on Ending Human Trafficking in Oregon Summary: The International Human Rights Clinic (“the Clinic”) at Willamette University College of Law conducted a fact-finding study between August 2009 and June 2010 to evaluate Oregon’s response to human trafficking. The Clinic undertook a comprehensive approach to the issue, specifically measuring how well federal and state actors within Oregon have complied with Oregon’s obligations regarding trafficking under international and national law. This Human Rights Report on Ending Human Trafficking in Oregon is an assessment of Oregon’s effort to combat trafficking of men, women and children who have been subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. Details: Salem, OR: International Human Rights Clinic, 2010. 16 p. (summary only) Source: Internet Resource: accessed April 20, 2011 at: http://www.willamette.edu/wucl/pdf/clp/redacted.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.willamette.edu/wucl/pdf/clp/redacted.pdf Shelf Number: 121454 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Oregon) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Thomas, Sarasu Esther Title: Human Responses to Human Trafficking in Bangladesh, India, Negal and Sri Lanka Summary: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia, (UNODC ROSA) and the UN Women, South Asia signed a Memorandum of Understanding, whereby they committed to strengthen the existing cooperation in dealing with the organized crime of human trafficking in the SouthAsian countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maledives and Sri Lanka. The Protocol seeks to prevent trafficking in persons, protect victims of trafficking and promote cooperating among State Parties in order to meet these objectives. Within South Asia, the legal regime is diverse, and the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002, represents a need and political commitment from countries in the SAARC region. Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka have all taken steps in the right direction to combat human trafficking; however, there is a need to look closely at country specific laws to understand where the gaps lie. It is in the light of this, that a Legal and Policy Review of Repsonses to Human Trafficking has been taken up. This Report looks at the law and policy, especially in the context of the Protocol, supplementing work already available in different studies. Details: New Delhi: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2011 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/UNODC_UNGIFT_Responses_to_Human_Trafficking_in_Bangladesh_India_Nepal_and_Sri_Lanka.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/UNODC_UNGIFT_Responses_to_Human_Trafficking_in_Bangladesh_India_Nepal_and_Sri_Lanka.pdf Shelf Number: 121492 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Bangladesh, India, Negal, Sri L Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Warnath, Stephen Title: Best Practices in Trafficking Prevention in Europe and Eurasia Summary: This report was commissioned by USAID’s Europe & Eurasia (E&E) Bureau to examine best practices in activities designed to prevent trafficking in persons (TIP) in the countries of the E&E region. The purpose of this report is to assist the E&E Bureau to improve anti-trafficking in persons programs in terms of effectiveness and impact, thereby reducing the incidence of TIP. USAID seeks to determine the strengths and weaknesses of program approaches to date and discover where anti-TIP efforts can be integrated into other relevant USAID programming. To achieve this goal, this report highlights TIP best practices and lessons learned that were extracted from the available project-specific literature, primarily documents produced in conjunction with USAID-supported projects and supplemented by a larger review of the literature relevant to anti-trafficking prevention strategies and methods. This report builds upon the work of a 2004 assessment entitled “Best Practices to Prevent Trafficking in Persons in Europe and Eurasia” by Ruth Rosenberg. A companion report (“Best Practices for Programming to Protect and Assist Victims of Trafficking in Europe and Eurasia”) reviews protection and assistance programs for TIP victims in the E&E region. This report covers the following countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2009. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2011 at: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/europe_eurasia/dem_gov/docs/prevention_final_012909.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/europe_eurasia/dem_gov/docs/prevention_final_012909.pdf Shelf Number: 121695 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Europe and Eurasia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq (OWFI) Title: Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Girls in Iraq Summary: In spite of the Organization of Women’s Freedom in Iraq (OWFI) background on women's rights, we did not expect nor comprehend the extent of the problem when we received reports of the kidnapping of women and girls in Baghdad in May 2003. When we started to gather reports from Baghdad neighborhoods the following summer, the numbers were shocking. We expressed our dismay to the media and fearing that a new and vicious era has attacked the women of Iraq. OWFI learned that trafficking of women is the hidden face of war, insecurity and chaos. In those days, we sympathized with women who were forced or maybe sold into prostitution. We did not have the same consideration for women who were already prostituted in brothels. We thought of them as the unfortunate margins of the society. It was only in 2006, that we noticed an epidemic rise in the number of women who prostituted for a living, whether in formal brothels, inregular working places, or in a hidden neighborhood hideaway. The numbers were obviously no longer something we could consider an unfortunate marginal minority. It was only then that we, in OWFI, decided to investigate the extent prostitution in Iraq, in order to better understand the underground industry of trafficking which thrives on the exploitation of women's flesh. We also needed to gather some background information about the history of prostitution and trafficking in Iraq. Our efforts started with documenting kidnappings in the first years, but gradually expanded into searching for places where girls and women are sold. We found ourselves documenting prostitution houses where the actual buying and selling take place. Eventually, it was impossible to separate one issue from the other. After confronting officials throughout 2008 and 2009 about the issue of trafficking, OWFI developed a reputation of a fierce defendant of women's integrity against the war-time disasters. As a result, eye-witnesses and the victims of trafficking began contacting OWFI with their stories. Some reports were of incidents too big for OWFI to handle. For example, distressed witnesses reported the kidnapping and trafficking 128 women from the city of Diyala in 2007. Following an interview with OWFI activist on MBC TV, the government campaigned against OWFI starting in May 2009 with active attacks over the public Al Iraqia television, and intervened to stop the airing of televised broadcasts where OWFI sought to tell the trafficking story. Frankly, we were intimidated and scared. Moreover, OWFI was advised by allies that publishing these facts may jeopardize our lives as we are touching onto one of the biggest industries in the world, and a new and thriving one in Iraq. We decided to be silent, stay safe, and keep our information to ourselves. OWFI could not maintain that position for long. A visit to the female juvenile prison in Baghdad in January 2010 reminded us that OWFI served an important mission that required courage, but facing our fears. It was the faces of 12 year old Mena and her sister that reminded us or our responsibilities. They were imprisoned after being sent back from the Arab Emirates as "prostitutes." Meeting those two children and hearing their stories was a heavy experience for the activists of OWFI. Some rushed out crying; some promised to help; while others hardened their resolve to document and reveal these crimes against the women or Iraq, including innocent young girls. Innocent girls who should still be enjoying childhood under the protection of their mothers were being incarcerated for the crime of prostitution, an ordeal in which they were modern-day slaves. At this point, we do not know if the numbers of Iraqi teenaged trafficking victims of the recent years are in the thousands, or tens of thousands. We do know that the Iraqi government does not want to hear the facts nor acknowledge the sufferings. Lawmakers do not feel an urgency to eradicate the crime of trafficking. One recent letter from an informed OWFI supporter gave us the ultimate push to publicize the facts. He had previously forwarded us a report which was too big to handle. That letter said, "You need to do something. The women and their families need to know that someone stands with them. The fact that 128 young women from Diyala were exported into sexual slavery within a few months cannot pass unnoticed. The traffickers and their official partners are set free while the trafficked women and their families suffer in silence, from shame and slavery… The case just cannot be closed". Details: New York: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, United Nations Office, 2010. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2011 at: http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/dispvaw_prostitutiontraffickingiraqwomen_owfi_march2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/dispvaw_prostitutiontraffickingiraqwomen_owfi_march2010.pdf Shelf Number: 121724 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking Kidnapping Prostitution (Iraq) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mai, Nick Title: Migrant Workers in the UK Sex Industry: Final Policy-Relevant Report Summary: The main aim of the project is to improve the understanding of the links between migration and the UK sex industry and migration in the UK, by drawing on the ways in which migrants themselves described their experiences and analysed their histories. The links between migration and the sex industry are predominantly addressed in current public debates in terms of trafficking and exploitation. Interviews with 100 migrant women, men and transgender people working in all of the main jobs available within the sex industry and from the most relevant areas of origin (South America, Eastern Europe, EU and South East Asia) indicate that approximately 13 per cent of female interviewees felt that they had been subject to different perceptions and experiences of exploitation, ranging from extreme cases of trafficking to relatively more consensual arrangements. Only a minority, amounting approximately to 6 per cent of female interviewees, felt that they had been deceived and forced into selling sex in circumstances within which they had no share of control or consent. Contrary to the emphasis given in current public debates about cases of trafficking and exploitation, the evidence gathered in the context of this project shows a great variety of life and work trajectories within the sex industry, which were influenced by key factors such as: social-economic background; educational aspirations and achievements; immigration status; professional and language skills; gender and sexuality; family history; and individual emotional history. Interviewees were from privileged, average and underprivileged socio-economic backgrounds, from structured as well as problematic families and their experience of education varied between elementary to post-graduate. In the majority of cases, the decision to migrate is based on the perception of a lack of opportunities of personal and professional development at home, with particular reference to the field of education. Most migrants did not work in the sex industry before coming to the UK and decided to do so after a long string of work experiences in other sectors, which were seen as comparatively less rewarding both in terms of remuneration and of the working conditions offered. The majority of interviewees were introduced to the possibility of working in the sex industry through friends and colleagues they met in other settings and decided to take up the opportunity after they saw positive examples in their everyday lives, both when they were home and in the country of origin. The stigma associated with sex work was the main problem for almost all interviewees, who felt that it had negative implications for their private and professional lives. Most interviewees complained that they found it difficult to reconcile working in the sex industry and having stable romantic relationships and that having to lead a double life with their partners, families and friends impacted negatively on their wellbeing. A majority of interviewees also underlined the way the stigma associated with sex work was implicated in legitimating violence against sex workers from a small minority of clients and from petty criminals. Almost all interviewees felt that the most advantageous aspects of their involvement in the sex industry were the possibility of earning considerably more money than in other sectors, the availability of time and the possibility of meeting interesting people, travelling and experiencing new and challenging situations. In most cases by working in the sex industry migrants were able to bridge an important gap in their aspirations to social mobility and felt that they were able to enjoy better living and working conditions. Most interviewees underlined that they enjoyed respectful and friendly relations with colleagues and clients and that by working in the sex industry they had better working and living conditions than those they encountered in other sectors of employment (mainly in the hospitality and care sectors). The research shows that most interviewees consciously decided to work in the sex industry and that only a minority felt that they had been forced to. The research findings strongly suggest that vulnerability, particularly to trafficking and exploitation, results from migrants’ socio-economic conditions, lack of information about their rights and entitlement to protection in the UK, their personal family and emotional circumstances, but, most of all, from their immigration status in the UK. Details: London: Institute for the Study of European Transformations, London Metropolitan University, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2011 at: http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20UK%20Sex%20Industry%20Policy-Relevant%20Findings2.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20UK%20Sex%20Industry%20Policy-Relevant%20Findings2.pdf Shelf Number: 121725 Keywords: Migrants (U.K.) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Skinner, Robyn Title: Child Trafficking and Organized Crime. Where Have All the Young Girls Gone? Summary: This study investigates the role of organized crime in human trafficking, the third largest illicit industry in the world, and looks at how many trafficked girls and women are subjected to sexual exploitation. Details: Washington, DC: Youth Advocate Program International, 2004. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2011 at: http://www.yapi.org/rpchildtrafficking.pdf Year: 2004 Country: International URL: http://www.yapi.org/rpchildtrafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121753 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Song, Susan Title: Global Child Sex Tourism: Children as Tourist Attractions Summary: This study outlines the growing use of child prostitution as an inducement to travelers. Child sex tourism is a highly pervasive industry, though steps are being taken worldwide to eradicate it. Details: Washington, DC: Youth Advocate Program International, 2004. 5p. Source: Internet Resourcea; Accessed May 19, 2011 at: http://www.yapi.org/rpchildsextourism.pdf Year: 2004 Country: International URL: http://www.yapi.org/rpchildsextourism.pdf Shelf Number: 121755 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: Black, Maggie Title: Women in Ritual Slavery: Devadasi, Jogini and Mathamma in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, Southern India Summary: This report looks at the ritual slavery practices of Devadasi, Jogini and Mathamma in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in southern India. These practices involve the dedication of young girls to a deity and their subsequent sexual exploitation by one or many men from the community. The report analyses the problem and considers responses to the problem to date and what more needs to be done. Details: London: Anti-Slvery International, 2007. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2011 at: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/w/women_in_ritual_slavery2007.pdf Year: 2007 Country: India URL: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/w/women_in_ritual_slavery2007.pdf Shelf Number: 121757 Keywords: Forced Marriage (Deity) Ritual Slavery (India) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lainez, Nicolas Title: Prostitution Mobility and Representations The Case of Vietnamese Prostitutes Going to Cambodia Summary: This study is the first in a series of three, the objective of which is to understand international mobility undertaken for the purposes of prostitution and forms of commercial sex by low-skilled women and female minors from the Mekong Delta. The first study addresses cross-border mobility for prostitution between the Vietnamese southern province of An Giang and Cambodia. Field investigation shows that this flow of mobility, which attracted a significant number of women in the 1990s, has now dried up in Vietnam, essentially because Cambodia is no longer viewed as a destination for easy money but rather a dangerous and unwelcoming country. Details: Hô Chi Minh City & Bangkok: Alliance Anti-Trafic Vietnam & IRASEC/Observatory on Illicit Trafficking, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 1: Accessed May 24, 2011 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/alliance_anti_11_representation_0411.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/alliance_anti_11_representation_0411.pdf Shelf Number: 121796 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution (Cambodia; Vietnam) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cohen, Marcia I. Title: Final Report on the Evaluation of the SAGE Project's LIFESKILLS and GRACE Programs Summary: The SAGE Project, Inc., is a nonprofit organization in San Francisco that operates two commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) intervention programs: LIFESKILLS and GRACE. Both programs operate from the philosophical approach of harm reduction, which emphasizes peer education and skills development. Participants in LIFESKILLS are younger (under 18) and are either involved in CSE or considered at high risk for sexual exploitation. The LIFESKILLS program offers case management, support groups, and referral services. Length of stay for LIFESKILLS girls ranges from 4 to 14 months. GRACE participants are older (adults) and have been arrested for prostitution. Most GRACE program clients are court-ordered to participate for a minimum of 25 hours of group services. This study used a four-phase participatory evaluation design that employed both quantitative and qualitative components. The two qualitative components (phases 1 and 4) used interviews with staff and program participants to assist in operationalizing variables for the evaluation, identifying process and outcome measures, and developing program logic models. The quantitative evaluation followed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent group design to assess a set of outcomes (phase 2). The principal data sources included baseline and follow-up surveys and official arrest records. The process evaluation (phase 3) integrated both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess whether the program was well designed and implemented as intended and involved an examination of services, management, staffing, information systems, and case files. The key findings: 1. The SAGE Project succeeded in reducing contact with the criminal justice system of both the LIFESKILLS and GRACE groups. The GRACE group had significantly better outcomes for CSE involvement and PTSD symptomology, while the LIFESKILLS group had significantly better outcomes for sexual assault victimization, educational aspirations, self-efficacy, and employment attitude. The program made no significant impact on substance abuse, commitment to school, most measures of victimization, and social support for either group. 2. Girls and young women typically track along one of four risk-related trajectories, on the basis of whether they are a) from ‘risk saturated’ communities, b) from troubled suburban families, c) from immigrant families, or d) becoming involved proactively, without (at first) many of the overwhelming risk factors present for the other trajectories. 3. While a LIFESKILLS curriculum with a good theoretical foundation exists, fidelity to a model is lacking, and it has not been sufficiently formalized, operationalized, and documented. This report offers recommendations for improving both programs such as, eliminating population mixing, increasing staff training, matching program activities to criminogenic needs, incorporating cognitive-behavioral treatment activities, incentivizing program completion, and developing an instrument to assess the CSE risk level of each new client. Details: Bethesda, MD: Development Services Group, Inc., 2010. 371p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234464.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234464.pdf Shelf Number: 121872 Keywords: Juvenile Prostitution Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Roma Rights Centre and People in Need Title: Breaking the Silence: Trafficking in Romani Communities Summary: Estimates provided during research by the ERRC and PiN about the perceived representation of Roma among trafficked persons in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia are several times higher than the proportion of Roma among the general population, indicating a disproportionate impact of this practice on Romani communities. Romani women and children were found to be particularly vulnerable to trafficking, which brings Roma to other countries and to other locations within their home countries. Roma are trafficked for various purposes, including sexual exploitation, labour exploitation, domestic servitude, organ trafficking, illegal adoption and forced begging. The vulnerability factors identified in this study are closely linked to those commonly associated with non-Romani trafficked persons and include structural forms of ethnic and gender discrimination, poverty and social exclusion which result in low educational achievement, high levels of unemployment, usury, growing up in State care, domestic violence and substance abuse. Gaps in law, policy and practice in the field of anti-trafficking constitute barriers to the fight against trafficking in Romani communities. Few Roma are identified by police as trafficked persons and many are reluctant to report themselves to law enforcement agencies for fear of reprisal from their traffickers or of prosecution for the conduct of criminal acts as a trafficked person. Similarly low numbers of Romani trafficked persons access victim prevention and protection services and general social protection systems are failing to reduce the extreme vulnerability of Roma to trafficking. The overwhelming lack of support available to Romani trafficked persons negatively impacts the ability of many to re-integrate, leaving them highly vulnerable to re-trafficking. Details: Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 2011. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2011 at: http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/breaking-the-silence-19-march-2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/breaking-the-silence-19-march-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121936 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking Minorities Romanies Sexual Exploitation Trafficking in Organs

Author: Barnett, Laura Title: Trafficking in Persons Summary: Trafficking in persons has become one of the most pressing issues in global migration policy. The illegal transportation and harbouring of people for the purposes of forced service and other forms of exploitation is a violation of internationally and domestically recognized human rights. Organizations have arrived at different estimates concerning the extent of this global problem, partly because of differences in the interpretation of the term, but primarily because the clandestine nature of the crimes involved makes it difficult to produce accurate statistics. The United Nations (UN) has previously estimated that 700,000 people are trafficked annually worldwide, though it has most recently reported that any estimates made to date have been controversial due to the difficulty in determining “with any precision how many victims of human trafficking there are, where they come from or where they are going.” This paper will discuss the concept of trafficking in general terms and provide an overview of the legislative framework surrounding the issue at the international level and within the Canadian context. It will conclude with a discussion of potential gaps in Canadian legislation and policy with respect to trafficking in persons. Details: Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Background Paper: Accessed August 15, 2011 at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-59-e.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-59-e.pdf Shelf Number: 122352 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Pearson, Elaine Title: Off the Streets: Arbitrary Detention and Other Abuses Against Sex Workers in Cambodia Summary: In Cambodia, those tasked with upholding the law often inflict some of the worst abuses. Sex workers in particular know this to be true. Women and girls involved in sex work face beatings, rape, sexual harassment, extortion, arbitrary arrest and detention, and other abuses from officials charged with enforcing the law. The perpetrators include police, public park security guards, and officials working in centers and offices run by the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans, and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY). “Off the Streets,” documents the abuses based on interviews with more than 50 sex workers and group discussions with dozens more. Sex workers told Human Rights Watch that police officers beat them with their fists, sticks, wooden handles, and batons that administer electric shocks. Police officers also threatened sex workers with guns. In several instances, police officers raped sex workers while they were in police detention. Some sex workers described being detained in government centers under horrific conditions, with restricted freedom of movement, experiencing or witnessing beatings or rapes, and with inadequate food and medical care. Crimes by officials against sex workers are almost never prosecuted. The report also analyzes the impact of a 2008 Cambodian law on trafficking and sexual exploitation. While the new law has some useful provisions on trafficking, it criminalizes “solicitation” by sex workers in ways that open the door to continuing police abuse against such individuals. Human Rights Watch urges the Cambodian government to end impunity by holding the perpetrators of these abuses accountable, and to shut down Social Affairs centers where many of the abuses take place. Donors and UN agencies should use their influence when engaging with the Cambodian government to ensure that this happens. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed August 26, 2011 at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/07/19/streets Year: 2010 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/07/19/streets Shelf Number: 122563 Keywords: Prostitutes (Cambodia) Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Romania. Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, National Agency Against Trafficking in Persons Title: Report on Trafficking in Persons in Romania - 2007 Summary: Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the magnitude of the trafficking in persons phenomenon in 2007 related to the main indicators supplied by the centralized database on victims of trafficking. The analysis focuses on the situation of victims identified throughout the year in terms of the socio-demographic factors (gender, age, schooling, area of origin) and the characteristics of their involvement in the reported situation (recruitment methods, relationship with the recruiters, destination countries, forms of exploitation, time of entry into trafficking, exploitation period). The chapter then separately describes the categories of female, male and child victims of both international and internal trafficking, as well as the profiling of the two major forms of exploitation, forced labour and sexual. A clear situation of victims in comparison with the main destination countries (Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Romania for internal trafficking) is also contained in this first chapter. Chapter 2 deals with The national integrated system to monitor and assess the trafficking phenomenon, which became operational in January 2007; it is a centralized database on trafficking issues, which supplied most of the data contained in this report. Chapter 3 outlines the Amendments to the trafficking legislation made in 2007 with particular reference to Emergency Ordinance 113/2007 to amend Law 211/2004 concerning measures to ensure protection to victims of crime and legal drafts initiated by ANITP, both approved and pending approval. Chapter 4 describes the efforts made in Preventing trafficking in persons and materialized in national and local campaigns and training sessions for specialists in the field.. Chapter 5 – Combating trafficking in persons addresses the phenomenon from a judicial perspective, emphasis being place on the evolution of the criminal phenomenon and its characteristics in the period under review, as well as on the victim participation in trial and investigations into trafficking in persons offences. Relevant aspects in the field of judicial cooperation and inter-institutional cooperation within the framework of the “Victim/Witness in Trial Coordination” project are also presented. Chapter 6 deals with the basic elements of activities in the field of Victim protection, assistance and social reintegration, respectively the National Integrated System for Victim Identification and Referral, National Standards of Victim Assistance Services, the National Interest Program “Improving victim protection and assistance activities”, as well as the contribution of social governmental and non-governmental actors, including foreign organizations and authorities. Chapter 7 outlines the monitoring and assessment activity of the Inter-ministerial Working Group and its significant contribution to the Inter-institutional Cooperation in the field of trafficking in persons and assistance provided to such victims. This contribution has been effected into collabourative protocols, cooperation plans and partnership agreements with various institutions, directions and NGOs, as well as the re-structuring of regional inter-institutional anti-trafficking teams required by a complex approach of the phenomenon at local levels. Sub-chapter 7.2 deals with professional training modalities and the categories of specialists who received trafficking in persons related training. Chapter 8 – Trafficking in persons and the media provides an analysis on how trafficking issues are covered in print and audiovisual media and the receptivity of the audience towards such problems. The chapter gives concise data regarding the number of publications, modalities to approach the subject in the print media, number and type of audiovisual broadcasts, press conferences and thematic public debates. Chapter 9 – International cooperation in the field of prevention of trafficking and assistance provided to victims outlines the efforts of collaboration with public or private authorities in the main European countries of destination for Romanian victims; activities to obtain external non-reimbursable funds; projects proposed, approved or under implementation and partner countries; cooperation with non-EU countries and international organizations; Romania’s participation in regional and international meetings, study visits, conferences and reunions. Chapter 10 The final chapter in the report provides recommendations to improve the activities carried out by state institutions and partner organizations, national and international, with a view to reduce the magnitude of the phenomenon and socially reintegrate trafficking victims. Details: Bucharest: Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, 2008. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2011 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/raport%202007%20engleza.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Romania URL: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/raport%202007%20engleza.pdf Shelf Number: 122722 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Romania) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Rosenberg, Ruth Title: Tackling the Demand that Fosters Human Trafficking: Final Report Summary: Without demand for commercial sex and for products produced with forced labor the ability of persons to make vast amounts of money by enslaving others would be decreased. Despite the importance of reducing demand to combat trafficking in persons, there is a dearth of information about good practices in demand reduction. The USAID Europe and Eurasia Bureau’s Social Transition Team’s new publication, Tackling the Demand that Fosters Human Trafficking aims to begin to fill those gaps in knowledge. This new report analyzes information on demand for prostitution and inexpensive labor from the Europe and Eurasia region as well as countries around the world, and includes a variety of good practices in addressing the issue. Concrete ideas and tools detailed in the report will help policymakers and practitioners alike to integrate demand reduction activities into anti-trafficking and other relevant programming. Resources and tools discussed in the report include: analysis of legislation and its impact; education programs and curriculum for youth; guiding principles, handbooks, and other resources for businesses; product standards, certification, voluntary cooperation and codes of conduct; and information on trade unions and NGO activities and resources. Details: Washington, DC: United STates Agency for International Development, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2011 at: http://socialtransitions.kdid.org/sites/socialtransitions/files/resource/files/Tackling_the_Demand-_Final_8-29-11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://socialtransitions.kdid.org/sites/socialtransitions/files/resource/files/Tackling_the_Demand-_Final_8-29-11.pdf Shelf Number: 122650 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barrett, Nicole A. Title: An Exploration of Promising Practices in Response to Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: This report was commissioned by the Government of Manitoba on behalf of the Federal-Provincial- Territorial (“FPT”) Forum of Senior Officials responsible for the Status of Women. Its purpose is to identify and explore promising practices focused on human trafficking prevention and victim support that could be considered by Canadian Federal/Provincial/Territorial (“FPT”) governments to better address human trafficking in Canada. The report has three parts. The first part discusses the legal and sociological context required to understand human trafficking issues as they relate to prevention and victim services. In this regard, the Trafficking Protocol to the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, the first internationally agreed upon definition of trafficking in persons, frames the discussion. The report outlines Canada's laws against human trafficking: section 279.01 of the Criminal Code, passed in 2005, and section 118 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, passed in 2002. Canada's existing human trafficking coordination bodies and victims services at the federal, provincial and territorial levels are briefly canvassed. The second section explores promising practices in human trafficking prevention and victim services while the third offers brief conclusions and recommendations on the practices presented. Details: Vancouver: International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, 2010. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2011 at: http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/files/2010/An%20Exploration%20of%20Promising%20Practices%20in%20Response%20to%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Canada.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/files/2010/An%20Exploration%20of%20Promising%20Practices%20in%20Response%20to%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Canada.pdf Shelf Number: 122768 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Canada) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation Victim Services

Author: Amnesty International Title: 'This Is What We Demand, Justice!’ Impunity for Sexual Violence Against Women in Colombia's Armed Conflict Summary: sexual violence is endemic to colombia’s long-running armed conflict. Mmembers of all the warring parties – paramilitary groups, guerrilla groups and the colombian security forces – have sexually abused and exploited women and girls. They have done so for a variety of reasons – to exploit them as sexual slaves, to sow terror within communities, to wreak revenge on an adversary, and to silence women leaders. Rape and sexual violence are not the only forms of gender-based violence women experience. however, they fall into a special category for one fundamental reason: they are the most invisible of human rights abuses. survivors rarely report such crimes and, when they do, their abusers are almost never brought to justice. This is a human rights scandal that re-victimizes survivors of sexual violence. It vividly reveals the deeply entrenched impunity that has for so long shielded from justice human rights abusers of all kinds in colombia. At the heart of this report are the voices of survivors of sexual violence in Colombia’s bloody conflict, women and girls who have for so long been silenced, overlooked and ignored. the message they gave in sharing their stories with amnesty international was both clear and compelling. Details: London: Amnesty International, 2011. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 26, 2011 at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR23/018/2011/en/d4396a83-c078-46f0-96ff-94f6d667b6bc/amr230182011en.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Colombia URL: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR23/018/2011/en/d4396a83-c078-46f0-96ff-94f6d667b6bc/amr230182011en.pdf Shelf Number: 122903 Keywords: Rape Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Violence Against Women (Colombia)

Author: Palaung Women's Organization Title: Stolen Lives: Human Trafficking from Palaung Areas of Burma to China Summary: This report explores and uncovers human trafficking in ethnic Palaung areas. PWO has documented 72 cases of actual or suspected trafficking involving 110 people, which took place along the China-Burma border, mostly during the past six years. The majority of those trafficked were young Palaung women from tea farming communities in Namkham, Namhsan and Mantong townships. PWO surveys in villages from which women have been trafficked show that up to 41% of the population have migrated to work elsewhere. Large scale migration began after the surrender in 2005 of the Palaung State Liberation Army, which had controlled Palaung areas under a ceasefire agreement since 1991. There has been a surge of Burma Army troops and proxy militia into the area since the surrender, who have imposed increased controls and taxes on agriculture and trading. Together with rising prices of food commodities from Central Burma, and increasing costs of health and education, this has meant that tea farmers can no longer earn a living and young people have to leave home to survive. This has led to an alarming increase in the incidence of trafficking of women, men and children, mainly to China. Most of those trafficked were tricked into traveling to China by being offered well-paid jobs on farms or in factories. In 25% of the cases, women were forced to marry Chinese men, with brokers receiving up to 25,000 Yuan (approx 3,800 USD) for the transaction. 10% ere forced into the sex trade. Some ended up being used as live feed for leeches. Known destinations were mainly in Yunnan province, but some ended up as far east as Shandong. Details: Burma: Palaung Women's Organization (PWO), 2011. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2011 at: http://www.palaungland.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/Report/StolenLives%20Eng.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.palaungland.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/Report/StolenLives%20Eng.pdf Shelf Number: 122907 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Asia) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies (BIPSS) Title: Human Trafficking: A Security Concern for Bangladesh Summary: Trafficking in persons, the darkest episode of population mobility, has been widely considered as a major human security issue today. Increasingly, people from the poor families are being forced to this new form of human slavery and the trade of human dignity. Human trafficking has been used to denote a wide range of human rights abuses and crimes that combine the recruitment, movement and sale of people into an exploitative condition. While recognition of its persistence and impact on society has increased over recent years, it is not a new phenomenon rather it continues as a set of activities and effects that is hard to put a figure on. Some forms of human trafficking have existed for thousands of years, while others take advantage of opportunities presented by emerging economic niches. In Bangladesh, human trafficking has gone to an acute condition. Governments, though endowed huge effort, failed evidently to control the trafficking in persons in the country. Activities of the NGOs and Multilateral agencies are also limited to the function of awareness building and advocacy. The complicity of the government with the trafficking nexus has added much doubt whether the government is abundantly willing to address the issue, while the US Department of state included Bangladesh in its trafficking watchlist in the 2 tier ranking that poses the threat of sanctions upon Bangladesh, if the country fails to improve the trafficking condition by next year. Therefore, re-positioning the trafficking as a human security threat would enable practitioners and policymakers to approach this issue more holistically and to ban and combat the practice. Details: Dhaka: BIPSS, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Brief 9: Accessed September 30, 2011 at: http://www.bipss.org.bd/pdf/Issue%209%20Quark%20Link%20Off.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.bipss.org.bd/pdf/Issue%209%20Quark%20Link%20Off.pdf Shelf Number: 122962 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Bangladesh) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ricardo, Christine Title: Men, Masculinities, Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Violence: A Literature Review and Call for Action Summary: This paper explores possible linkages between masculinities and different forms of sexual exploitation and sexual violence. Specifically, it seeks to answer the question: How do prevailing norms and views of manhood, or masculinities, contribute to some men’s use of sexual violence, and the “demand-side” of sexual exploitation? We critically review existing literature on the topic, with a particular focus on recommendations for action. From what we know about how prevailing gender norms contribute to some men’s use of sexual violence and sexually exploitative practices, what can we propose to reduce sexual exploitation by working with men and boys to question salient gender norms that drive the demand? In terms of programs to reach men and boys on this issue there are a few examples – some which address sexual exploitation specifically, others which address questions of masculinities and gender equality more broadly. However, most of these projects have been small-scale, and with little impact evaluation to date. There are also examples of policies that have incorporated an understanding of the demand side of sexual exploitation and the need to move beyond a mostly punitive model toward a more comprehensive one that includes sanctions as well as preventive approaches, such as engaging men and boys with messages that question sexual exploitation and the “commodification” of women and girls (and boys and men). Overall, we affirm the need to increase attention and action to engage men and boys in questioning and overcoming gender norms that contribute to sexual violence and exploitation. Details: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Promunda and MenEngage, 2008. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 6, 2011 at: http://www.promundo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Homens-Masculinidades-Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Sexual-e-Viol%C3%AAncia-Sexual-ING.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.promundo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Homens-Masculinidades-Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Sexual-e-Viol%C3%AAncia-Sexual-ING.pdf Shelf Number: 122999 Keywords: Gender Masculinity Rape Sex Offenders Sexual Assaults Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Netherlands. National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Human Trafficking: Ten Years of Independent Monitoring Summary: This report marks the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the post of National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings as an independent monitoring mechanism of the Netherlands’ efforts to combat human trafficking. It also marks ten years of making recommendations, 200 in all. Many of those recommendations have been acted upon, the importance of some has receded and others have been regularly repeated. This report outlines the progress made in efforts to tackle human trafficking in the Netherlands over the last ten years in light of those recommendations. This report contains no new recommendations. Nevertheless, the contents clearly illustrate the aspects of the fight against human trafficking that still give cause for concern and demand vigilance. New developments are highlighted that might present a different kind of challenge in the efforts to combat human trafficking. Political and public attention for the subject of human trafficking has grown in the last ten years. Tackling human trafficking is a priority for the police and the public prosecution service. The growing public and political awareness of human trafficking has also increased the abhorrence of this abject form of crime. The political outrage is reflected in the decision to raise the maximum sentences for this serious offence with effect from 1 July 2009. At the same time, the statistics show that the number of criminal cases registered by the district offices of the public prosecution service has fluctuated over the years and that in 2009 the figure was lower than in 2000. The statistics also show that the proportion of custodial sentences of less than one year is increasing, while prison sentences of more than four years are declining, both in first instance and on appeal. Any self-respecting society should do everything in its power to ensure that the five Ps, prevention, protection, prosecution, punishment and partnership, which together form the cornerstone of efforts to combat human trafficking, are a constant and integral facet of anti-trafficking policies and their implementation in practice. That was also the message conveyed by the European Court of Human Rights in its judgment in the case of Rantsev versus Cyprus and Russia. Effective progress depends on cooperation between the various actors responsible for implementing the 5P paradigm. Enormous efforts have also been made in this respect in recent years. But cooperation in the anti-trafficking chain is not in itself a magic formula. Success demands a constant willingness on the part of every actor to help find solutions for those elements of the paradigm that are not necessarily their own direct responsibility. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem. Although roughly a quarter of the registered victims in the last ten years were Dutch, the majority are still people who have fled from poverty in their own country in search of a more dignified existence, only to end up being exploited in the sex industry or in other sectors. Their experience is vividly illustrated by ‘Journey’, an exhibition that BNRM is bringing to the Netherlands to mark its tenth anniversary. The exhibition tells the story of a young East European girl who was trafficked for the purpose of exploitation in prostitution in the United Kingdom. The exhibition makes a deep impression and provides inspiration for continuing the fight against human trafficking. For the last ten years the Rapporteur has held a mirror up to the agencies engaged in the fight against human trafficking in the Netherlands. They have looked in that mirror. Details: The Hague: BNRM, 2010. 237p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: www.bnrm.nl Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands URL: Shelf Number: 123154 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Netherlands) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Turner, Jackie Title: Nordic Baltic Pilot Project for the Support, Protection, Safe Return and Rehabilitation of Women Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: Evaluation Report Summary: The Nordic Baltic Pilot Project for the Support, Protection, Safe Return and Rehabilitation of Women Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation ran from Oct 2005 to Dec 2008 with two key objectives; 1. to develop a regional programme for the provision of support services to women victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, and 2. to strengthen the gender equality perspective in policies, programmes and anti-trafficking initiatives, especially in victim support services. This report comprises an 'after the fact' evaluation of this project, conducted towards the end of the pilot project, and combines process and outcome discussions, provides an overview of the project's achievements, discusses some of the remaining challenges and concludes with guidance for future priorities. Details: London: London Metropolitan University, Chld and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, 2008. 40p Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: www.cwasu.org/filedown.asp?file=nordic_baltic.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 123155 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Baltic Region) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barnett, Laura Title: Prostitution in Canada: International Obligations, Federal Law, and Provincial and Municipal Jurisdiction Summary: International trafficking in women and children, sexually exploited children in Thailand, female prostitutes murdered in British Columbia: each of these issues has special significance for Canada and its prostitution laws. Canada’s laws attempt to prosecute organized crime and to protect victims of trafficking and other forms of sexual violence, whether at home or by Canadians abroad. Canada’s multifaceted approach to curbing prostitution reflects a range of domestic and international obligations. Criminal laws are implemented at the federal level to meet international treaty obligations, while each province and municipality has its own means of dealing with prostitution locally, within the powers of its jurisdiction. Although these obligations occasionally clash – as when laws stretch beyond their mandated scope or do not manage to extend far enough – the ultimate result is a fairly comprehensive legislative response to prostitution and its associated social ills. Details: Ottawa: Library of Parliment, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, 2008. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 123157 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitutes Prostitution (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kalinkovich, L.N. Title: Trafficking in Persons in the Republic of Belarus Summary: Trafficking in women is a relatively new phenomenon to Belarus. At present there is not any objective official or other statistical data that points to the number of Belarusian women who have become the target of sexual or other forms of exploitation abroad. According to the information provided by the Department of Drugs and Morals of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Belarus, 215 Belarusian women, who had been victimized by criminal groups engaged in trafficking women to the brothels abroad, came to law- enforcement bodies for advice and protection in the year 2002. In January – April 2003, 96 women were officially recognized as victims of trafficking in persons. There is no doubt whatsoever that these figures do not fully reflect the problem discussed. The available information points to Belarus as a transit State (mainly due to its geographical position) and also as a country of origin because it plays an important role in providing foreign markets with victims of trafficking . Belarusian women are trafficked from practically all regions, towns and cities in the Republic. As workers of the sex industry, they can be encountered in almost every European city or in other countries of the world. The information they have read about successful employment abroad and the victim’s wish to conceal the type of her work she does, make them an easy prey for traffickers. According to the estimates of the Federal Department of Criminal Police of Germany, the majority of victims of trafficking in persons arrive to Germany from the States of Central and Eastern Europe (69% in 2001). The proportion of the victims of trafficking from the States of this region amounts to 83.2% of the total number of the identified victims. The highest number of victims (140 persons) come from Belarus. The number of trafficking victims from Belarus has increased three-fold in 2001. A similar tendency could also be observed in 2002. The officials of this Department estimate the number of Belarusian women subjected to sexual exploitation to be up to 50,000. Today the problem of trafficking in human beings in the Republic, including that in women, has received only initial examination and needs further study. The purpose of this research project is to study the dimensions and mechanisms of criminal activities relating to trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus, and to examine the criminal, legal and other measures being taken to combat this type of crime. The source of information used to conduct this study was the data available in the Republic of Belarus on individuals and criminal structures engaged in trafficking in persons in Western European countries, Middle Eastern countries and in some other countries. The major problems, which were examined during this study and the compilation of the booklet, were: Ø analysis of the international legal aspects of trafficking in persons; Ø elucidation of the concept of trafficking and analysis of the criminal and legal measures being taken to combat trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø study of the social, economic, demographic and other factors promoting trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø consideration of trafficking in persons as a type of organized criminal activity, and building the model of its functioning; Ø gathering information on the dimension and nature of criminal activities related to trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø study of the subjects and mechanisms of criminal activity, determination of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the organized criminal trafficking structures in the territory of the Republic, and determination of specific spheres of their activities; and Ø assessment of combating trafficking in human beings in the Republic of Belarus. The principal techniques used to collect information during the preparation of this publication were: conducting a study of the materials gathered by law enforcement and other State agencies on the problem in question; making an analysis of criminal proceedings initiated against the perpetrators and other accomplices in criminal offences relating to trafficking in persons; interviewing the officers of the units combating organized crime and trafficking in persons; gathering information on the victims of trafficking, and making an analysis of publications in mass media (newspapers, magazine). The above techniques were employed to obtain objective data that may be used to enhance the efficiency of law-enforcement agencies of the Republic in the detection, prevention and curbing of crimes related to trafficking in persons, as well as tohelp them carry out well-directed and effective operations aimed to combat trafficking in persons. Details: Minsk: International Organization for Migration IOM Office in the Republic of Belarus, 2004. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 31, 2011 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/republic_of_belarus_oct07.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Belarus URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/republic_of_belarus_oct07.pdf Shelf Number: 107819 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Republic of Belarus) Organized Crime Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Seelke, Clare Ribando Title: Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean (updated Sept. 2011) Summary: Trafficking in persons (TIP) for the purpose of exploitation is a lucrative criminal activity that is of major concern to the United States and the international community. According to the most recent U.S. State Department estimates, roughly 800,000 people are trafficked across borders each year. If trafficking within countries is included in the total world figures, official U.S. estimates are that some 2 million to 4 million people are trafficked annually. While most trafficking victims still appear to originate from South and Southeast Asia or the former Soviet Union, human trafficking is also a growing problem in Latin America. Countries in Latin America serve as source, transit, and destination countries for trafficking victims. Latin America is a primary source region for people trafficked to the United States. As many as 17,500 are trafficked into the United States each year, according to State Department estimates. In FY2010, primary countries of origin for the 449 foreign trafficking victims certified as eligible to receive U.S. assistance included Mexico, Honduras, Haiti, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic (along with India and Thailand). Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. 106-386), Congress has taken steps to address human trafficking by authorizing new programs and reauthorizing existing ones, appropriating funds, creating new criminal laws, and conducting oversight on the effectiveness and implications of U.S. anti-TIP policy. Most recently, the TVPA was reauthorized through FY2011 in the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-457). Obligations for U.S.-funded anti-TIP programs in Latin America totaled roughly $17.1 million in FY2010. On June 27, 2011, the State Department issued its 11th annual, congressionally mandated report on human trafficking. The report categorizes countries into four “tiers” according to the government’s efforts to combat trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking (Tier 3) have been made subject to U.S. foreign assistance sanctions. While Cuba and Venezuela are the only Latin American countries ranked on Tier 3 in this year’s TIP report, seven other countries in the region—Barbados, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Bahamas—are on the Tier 2 Watch List. Unless those countries make significant progress in the next six months, they could receive a Tier 3 ranking in the 2012 report. Activity on combating TIP has continued into the 112th Congress, particularly related to efforts to reauthorize the TVPA and oversee TIP programs and operations, including U.S.-funded programs in Latin America. Congress may also consider increasing funding for anti-TIP programs in the region, possibly through the Mérida Initiative for Mexico, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI) or through other assistance programs. Congress is likely to monitor new trends in human trafficking in the region, such as the increasing involvement of Mexican drug trafficking organizations in TIP and the problem of child trafficking in Haiti, which has worsened since that country experienced a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010. For more general information on human trafficking and a discussion of TIP-related legislation in the 112th Congress, see CRS Report RL34317, Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress, by Alison Siskin and Liana Sun Wyler. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: RL33200: Accessed November 5, 2011 at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1865&context=key_workplace&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtrafficking%2520in%2520persons%2520in%2520latin%2520america%2520and%2520the%2520caribbean%25202011%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CB0QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1865%2526context%253Dkey_workplace%26ei%3DIli1TpOxDOng2AWQ-_3MDQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNHe7MQuba4HeHzqaqdl0iSwdAgg0g#search=%22trafficking%20persons%20latin%20america%20caribbean%202011%22 Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1865&context=key_workplace&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtrafficking%2520in%2520persons%2520in%2520latin%2520a Shelf Number: 123241 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Latin American and the Caribbea Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bilger, Veronika Title: Study on the Assessment of the Extent of Different Types of Trafficking in Human Beings in EU Countries Summary: Action against trafficking in human beings has become an important issue on the political agenda of the European Union and its Member States during the last decade. The design of effective measures (those that aim to foster prevention, protect victims and prosecute traffickers) has been commonly agreed to be built on appropriate legal and regulatory framework, research, data collection and information management. The lack of systematically collected and managed statistical data relevant to trafficking in human beings is one of the main obstacles to the successful and effective implementation of anti-trafficking policies and efforts. Objectives • To elaborate appropriate background information and on to assess the extent of different forms of trafficking in human beings in 17 EU Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom). Outcomes • Comprehensive overview of national data on THB in the 17 EU countries covered • Comprehensive overview of national legislation on THB and related areas in the 17 EU countries covered • Comparative Analysis of assessed extent of different types of THB in the 17 EU countries covered • 17 Country Reports on national legislation, national statistics, and assessments of national developments in regard to the extent of THB in 17 countries covered. • Minimum and maximum scenarios on the total (17 countries) extent of different types of THB following the legal and administrative distinctions between victims and perpetrators but also between cases and persons on. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2010. 448p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2011 at: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Shelf Number: 123304 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lindley, Jade Title: Vulnerabilities to Trafficking in Persons in the Pacific Islands Summary: There is emerging evidence that the Pacific Island region is vulnerable to the crime of trafficking in persons. Using information from a range of Pacific Island stakeholder forums and consultations conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), together with a review of the literature, key issues relevant to trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region are identified in this paper. Existing patterns of people movement, weak border and immigration controls, states affected by poor governance, failing rule of law and corruption, the impact of cultural practices entwined with poverty and a limited capacity to respond to natural disasters are identified as key vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons. It is noted that the factors that facilitate susceptibility to trafficking also provide focal areas for strategies to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons and to address transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region more generally. This paper provides a foundation for ongoing research on trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region and the identification of effective prevention strategies, which will be undertaken by the AIC in the future. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 428: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/C/1/9/%7BC19D723B-44B8-4B02-9FA5-CB4470207AE7%7Dtandi428.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/C/1/9/%7BC19D723B-44B8-4B02-9FA5-CB4470207AE7%7Dtandi428.pdf Shelf Number: 123444 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Pacific Islands) Sexual Exploitation Transnational Crime

Author: Scotland. Equality and Human Rights Commission Title: Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland Summary: The Commission undertook to inquire into the nature and extent of human trafficking in Scotland focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Other main purposes such as forced labour, domestic servitude and criminal exploitation were also investigated. The Commission also sought to inquire into the factors that give rise to human trafficking in Scotland. The role played by demand for cheap and exploitable labour, particularly relating to commercial sexual exploitation, along with push factors such as poverty and inequality in source countries, was therefore central to the Inquiry. The Inquiry further considered how policy and practice in Scotland compared to international anti-trafficking obligations, particularly in relation to: The investigation, prosecution, and monitoring of traffickers; The identification and treatment of victims; The extent and quality of statutory and specialist services and accommodation for victims. Finally, the Inquiry sought to identify good practice, particularly in relation to prevention and prohibition of trafficking, prosecution of traffickers, and protection of victims. The Inquiry’s findings led to a series of recommendations detailed within this report. These recommendations, aimed at the various institutions and agencies with a role to play in tackling human trafficking in Scotland, are designed to help prevent human trafficking and improve responses to it. The Inquiry also suggests that institutions and agencies have regard to two other recent reports on trafficking in Scotland. These are the report in December 2010 of the previous Equal Opportunities Committee, ‘Inquiry into Migration and Trafficking’, and ‘Scotland: a safe place for child traffickers’ by Scotland’s Commissioner for Children and Young People, published in March 2011. Details: Edinburgh: Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 30, 2011 at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Scotland/Human_Trafficking_in_Scotland_/inquiry_into_human_trafficking_in_scotland-full-report_pdf_.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Scotland/Human_Trafficking_in_Scotland_/inquiry_into_human_trafficking_in_scotland-full-report_pdf_.pdf Shelf Number: 123490 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Scotland) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lainez, Nicolas Title: A Foot In and a Foot Out: Sex Migration of Vietnamese Women to Singapore Summary: This study is the third in a series of three, the objective of which is to understand international mobility undertaken for the purposes of commercial sex purposes by low-skilled women from the Mekong Delta. In particular, this research addresses the migration of Vietnamese migrant entertainers to Singapore. This report is based on a five-month ethnographic investigation conducted in a boarding house of Vietnamese migrant entertainers in Singapore. It provides a unique picture of the social organization of the migration network operating between Vietnam and Singapore, and of the transient lives of Vietnamese entertainers in Singapore. The influx of migrant entertainers increased in Singapore in the early 1980s. The regional exchange network now includes women originating from all of the Southeast Asian countries. This includes Vietnamese, who appear to be a minority compared to other nationalities such as Filipina, Chinese, Indonesian and Thai. Singaporean authorities are undoubtedly concerned about the changing composition of the foreign entertainer population, and this is a contentious and sensitive issue in Singapore. At the same time, the authorities are concerned about enforcing the law on prostitution. The legislation does not criminalize the act per se. Rather, it enforces neutralization and containment in the Designated Red-Light Areas, as well as monitoring of the sex industry to keep exploitation and the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS in check. Two-thirds of the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were between 20 and 30 years old. A profile emerged in which slightly more than half originated from HCMC, and were lowly educated and unskilled. Family dissolution was an important feature, as nine women out of 16 were separated from their partners and four came to Singapore following a separation. These factors pushed half of the sampled migrant entertainers into prostitution in Vietnam before they decided to migrate. Their objective in coming to Singapore was to earn a substantial amount of money. Indeed, the expectation of high earnings was the chief pull factor due to the general assumption that Singapore is a rich “El Dorado” where foreign migrant entertainers can generate earnings of at least S$ 1000 (US$ 816) per month. This was a misconception on their part as many returned to Vietnam with less than that or empty pockets. In addition, a substantial part of the earnings – between US$ 1057 and US$ 1482 – was also used to cover travel and living expenses. The recruitment process of Vietnamese migrant entertainers reveals a complex network of exchange that links the Vietnamese operators within Singapore with the migrant entertainers in Vietnam. This informal and clientelist network is composed of migration brokers and their long-standing customers who introduce and assist new customers in the transnational movement between Vietnam and Singapore. The brokers are able to expand their customer base by incorporating the networks of their previous customers, who in turn become peers of the new recruits. The network appears to be a well-organized and non-exploitative voluntary exchange system. It functions effectively because of the symbiotic relationship between the migration brokers and the migrant entertainers. One of the key findings of this research is that trafficking for sexual exploitation of Vietnamese sampled women and minors to Singapore is irrelevant. As described in the report, three factors created transience in the life of the entertainers. Firstly, all entertainers entered Singapore on 30-day Social Visit Passes. This scheme does not allow foreign visitors to engage in any form of employment, including prostitution. Officials from the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) routinely refuse entry and expel Vietnamese female travelers suspected of coming to Singapore to work in the prostitution industry. Vietnamese migrant entertainers typically rely on professional migration brokers who provide services to enable their customers to slip through the net of the ICA. Secondly, after the expiry of their 30-day Social Visit Pass, the migrant entertainers of the study faced two options: they could either return to Vietnam or extend their stay in Singapore. The majority sought to avoid raising the suspicions of the immigration authorities and returned home for a few months, before coming back to Singapore. Those wishing to extend their stay had several methods at their disposal: extending the social visit pass, exiting and returning to Singapore to obtain a new social visit pass, acquiring a Performing Artist Work Permit, or getting genuinely or fraudulently married to a Singaporean citizen or permanent resident. The decision to extend the stay depended on personal motivations and financial resources, as well as on the availability of services provided by the Vietnamese migration broker and Singaporean sponsors. Lastly, the Anti-Vice Enforcement Unit (AVEU) relies on raids and on deportations as key mechanisms to control foreign prostitution in Singapore. Red light areas like Geylang, Joo Chiat and Orchard Towers are regularly raided, and arrested entertainers are deported to their home country at their own expense. As a consequence of these three factors, the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were constantly straddling Singapore and Vietnam. They were only allowed to stay in Singapore for 30 days at any one time and upon the expiry of the pass, they would return to Vietnam, with the intention of returning at another time. Consequently, while living in Singapore, they were either looking for ways to extend their stay, or thinking about their return to Vietnam. This was pervasive: upon arrival, they were already thinking about the return trip, and vice-versa. They lived lives of transience and evanescence. In fact, even when they were physically in one space, they were mentally in the other. Details: Ho Chi Minh City: Alliance Anti-Trafic, 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 3: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Shelf Number: 123542 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Catholic Migration Commission Title: Bondaged Souls: Migration and Situation of Trafficking in Sabah, Malaysia Summary: Human trafficking is a multi-dimensional issue. It is a crime that deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, increases global health risks, fuels growing networks of organized crime, and can sustain levels of poverty and hinder development in certain areas. The impacts of human trafficking are devastating. Victims may suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family or even death. But the devastation also extends beyond individual victims; human trafficking undermines the health, safety and security of all nations it touches, including Malaysia. The Bondaged Souls video and accompanying training manual reveal the suffering of trafficking victims as their tell their personal stories about the intricate workings of the human trafficking business in Sabah, Malaysia. The transational nature of human trafficking, however, poses enormous challenges to governments worldwide. The Bondaged Souls materials have been designed to provide training facilitators with a practical resource for expanding understanding of cross-border human trafficking, particularly amongst Malaysian and international stakeholders. All training modules are flexible and can be used for various purposes ranging from a short presentation to a complete two-day training. The training package includes a training video, which is divided into four episodes, including: 1.Migration and trafficking 2.Modus operandi and debt bondage 3.Exploitation 4.Plan of action Details: Geneva: ICMC, 2011. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.icmc.net/system/files/publication/bondaged_souls_migration_and_the_situation_of_tra_20269.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Malaysia URL: http://www.icmc.net/system/files/publication/bondaged_souls_migration_and_the_situation_of_tra_20269.pdf Shelf Number: 123552 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Bandyopadhyay, Nandinee Title: Streetwalkers Show the Way: Reframing the Global Debate on Trafficking from Sex Workers’ Perspectives Summary: This paper documents action research and discussions on trafficking by Durbar, a network of 60,000 female, male and transgender sex workers in India. Durbar finds that the realities of trafficking as experienced by sex workers are very different from the myths. Durbar’s research found that while most of the sex workers they interviewed were poor and lacked options, they left home by their own choice, in search of better livelihoods, to escape violence or drudgery, or to seek love. Numerous agents, many of them known to the trafficked individuals, facilitated their subsequent travels and entry into sex work. Many of those trafficked into sex work were able to negotiate better terms within a year or two, after which they were free to leave but stayed in the industry because of the economic incentives, and because returning to their families was no longer an option due to the stigma associated with sex work. Durbar concludes that the fundamental cause of trafficking is the persistent demand for using trafficked workers who can be made to work without being provided fair wages or safe working conditions, thereby hiking the profit margins of the employers. Thus Durbar sees as most urgent the need to establish better labour standards in sex work, and support individual sex workers tackling exploitative situations. This includes supporting unwilling and underage sex workers by helping them decide what to do, rather than handing them over to the police where they are likely to face more harassment. Durbar has done this effectively through setting up ‘Self Regulatory Boards’ in sex work sites. To date Durbar has rescued a total of 560 unwilling women and underage girls. And in sites where Durbar works, the proportion of sex workers under 18 years old declined from 25.3 per cent in 1992 to 3.1 per cent in 2001. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 309: Accessed January 18, 2012 at: http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=940 Year: 2008 Country: India URL: http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=940 Shelf Number: 123650 Keywords: Human Trafficking (India) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Downes, Paul Title: Not One Victim More: Human Trafficking in the Baltic States Summary: Trafficking of women for sexual exploitation raises one of the most urgent and alarming challenges confronting states everywhere. A form of slavery which has thrived in an increasingly interconnected and globalised world, it defies easy resolution. Despite its prohibition in international and European law, and the fact that there have even been calls for its recognition as a crime against humanity, it is a phenomenon which has largely evaded legal attempts at resolution. In that context, this book makes an original, timely and far-reaching contribution to the debate around trafficking. Moving beyond the realm of legal anti-trafficking strategies, this victimcentred, empirical and multi-disciplinary work has resulted in an enlightening, multifaceted perspective on the difficult challenge of trafficking. Not only does this book provide an effective and much-needed platform for the victims of trafficking to record their experiences, but it also recognises and explores the possibilities of a holistic strategy in responding to trafficking, which harnesses both the co-operation of states and the expertise of a broad range of disciplines. Founded on a subtle empirical study of the experiences of the victims of trafficking, this book enables the victims of trafficking to convey their stories much more forcefully than abstract academic or statistical commentary ever could. The interviews of these victims facilitate examination of the reasons why these women become trapped by trafficking: mostly, poverty, despair, educational difficulties, inadequate socio-economic opportunities or coercion. They also convey the sense of isolation and social exclusion experienced by these women, the difficulties they have extricating themselves from trafficking after they have fallen victim to it, and the inadequacies of law in responding to their plight. By focusing on those who have fallen prey to trafficking as a result of the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the opening of the borders to the West, attention is also drawn to the cruel way in which trafficking exploits the innocent hopes of those crossing borders, in anticipation of new experiences and better lives. As for its multi-disciplinary perspective, this book recognises that antitrafficking strategies require not only international co-operation between states, but also inter-disciplinary contributions from psychology, law, social policy, economics and education. Insightful contributions are made here from all these disciplines, and throughout, the contributors write dispassionately, but sensitively, about this highly emotive issue, avoiding the brash, emotional and simplistic responses which can be so easily evoked in this context. While acknowledging that an ever-improving legal framework is important, emphasis is placed on the need for wide-ranging strategies which engage not only legislators, the police, prosecutors, and the courts, but indeed all state actors and nongovernmental organisations. Based on the evidence of the interviews, important practical recommendations are made which range from campaigns to increase awareness of the gravity of trafficking, to stricter monitoring of the standards of agencies arranging employment abroad, to training of state agents in dealing with trafficking, to counselling, return programmes, legal assistance and witness protection programmes for the victims themselves. Finally, while the themes and issues highlighted are explored in the context of the Baltic States, it is clear that the findings, conclusions and recommendations with regard to prevention, protection and prosecution have an application to wider European and international contexts. The rich combination of empirical work and multi-disciplinary perspectives provided by this book will make a meaningful and lasting contribution to the fight against trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. Details: Tallinn, Estonia: Living for Tomorrow, 2008. 302p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.lft.ee/tf.oigus/tf.failid/2006925174343/Not_One_Victim_More.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.lft.ee/tf.oigus/tf.failid/2006925174343/Not_One_Victim_More.pdf Shelf Number: 123668 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Baltic States) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zhang, Sheldon X. Title: Sex Trafficking in a Border Community: A Field Study of Sex Trafficking in Tijuana, Mexico Summary: Sex trafficking has caught worldwide attention in recent years, often being portrayed as modern-day slavery. The United States, along with many countries, has taken an aggressive position on pursuing sex traffickers, pimps, and sex tourists, making the nation among the most inhospitable to human trafficking and prostitution. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities. Most existing studies have relied on so-called expert sources (i.e., advocacy groups, shelters, and law enforcement agencies). This study gathered information from the two sources closest to this illicit enterprise - (1) prostitutes; and (2) pimps (or sex trade facilitators). Data for this study were primarily gathered in Tijuana, Mexico. It was hypothesized that human traffickers and sex industry operators might find Tijuana’s socio-political environment conducive to trafficking activities. Tijuana, the largest city on Mexico’s northern border, has long been a major tourism and weekend destination for Southern Californians. Its red light district draws a large number of visitors from both sides of the border. With more than 60 million people crossing the busiest international border annually, there is no shortage of demand for fringe services. Despite its geopolitical significance and the potential of spillover effects, to date there has been no empirical study on sex trafficking activities in Tijuana. This study is the first known empirical effort to fill this knowledge gap. The main questions in this study included: 1. To what extent, at what stage, and on what premises are deception, fraud, force, or coercion being used in the transportation of prostitutes into Tijuana? 2. To what extent and with what methods are human traffickers and sex industry operators managing trafficking activities and controlling prostitutes? 3. How do human traffickers and sex industry operators organize themselves and engage in business transactions? 4. What policy implications can be drawn to improve efforts by U.S. law enforcement and social service agencies to deter human trafficking and assist victims? Details: San Diego, CA: San Diego State University, Department of Sociology, 2010. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 20, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234472.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234472.pdf Shelf Number: 123693 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Thomas, Cheryl Title: Sex Trafficking Needs Assessment for the State of Minnesota Summary: The Advocates for Human Rights (“The Advocates”) prepared this needs assessment report at the request of the State of Minnesota Human Trafficking Task Force1 (“Task Force”) pursuant to its mandate from the Commissioner of Public Safety to conduct a human trafficking needs assessment and to develop a plan to prevent human trafficking. This report focuses solely on trafficking of persons for commercial sexual exploitation or prostitution as defined in federal law and Minnesota law. The findings of this report are based on interviews with 175 participants throughout the State of Minnesota. Interviewees included judges, prosecutors, public defenders, immigration attorneys, family law attorneys, probation officers, law enforcement officers, immigration officials, healthcare providers, service providers, social services and other stakeholders regarding their knowledge of and experiences with trafficked persons. Sex trafficking violates numerous human rights. Federal, state, and international laws compel an effective response from the government to address these violations. This report describes the legal framework and the various institutional and collaborative responses necessary to address these violations, including services to protect the fundamental human rights of trafficked persons and law enforcement actions to hold traffickers accountable for the crimes they have committed. Despite the increased attention to this problem in recent years, The Advocates has found that often the response of law enforcement is ineffective and the needs of trafficked persons remain unmet. This report includes recommendations to address the barriers to an effective, coordinated response to sex trafficking and to better meet the needs of trafficked women and children. Details: Minneapolis: Advocates for Human Rights, 2008. 214p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2012 at: http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/sites/608a3887-dd53-4796-8904-997a0131ca54/uploads/REPORT_FINAL.10.13.08.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/sites/608a3887-dd53-4796-8904-997a0131ca54/uploads/REPORT_FINAL.10.13.08.pdf Shelf Number: 112713 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking (Minnesota) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hames, Caroline Title: Feeling Good About Feeling Bad ...A Global Review of Evaluation in Anti-Trafficking Initiatives Summary: This research explores and assesses the evaluation of anti-trafficking policies and programmes worldwide, including three international, two regional and nine national anti-trafficking initiatives. It highlights common themes and emerging patterns between a range of approaches to evaluation in this sector and finds overwhelmingly that anti-trafficking initiatives are not being sufficiently evaluated, impeding the effectiveness of anti-trafficking responses and limiting progress in combating trafficking. Urgent action in the form of adequate evaluation systems is imperative to ensure anti-trafficking programmes are effectively targeted and delivered. Details: Bangkok: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/GAATW_Global_Review.FeelingGood.AboutFeelingBad.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/GAATW_Global_Review.FeelingGood.AboutFeelingBad.pdf Shelf Number: 124032 Keywords: Human Trafficking, Prevention Sexual Exploitation

Author: Peters, Heather A. Title: Sex, sun and heritage: Tourism threats and opportunities in South East Asia Summary: This study is the first of two recommended studies which were requested as part of the Sub-Regional Plan of Action (SPA) for the COMMIT Process. The objective of the study is to: Compile and analyze selected “best practice” of Cambodia and Thailand in dealing with trafficking and the tourism services sector. Based upon advice from a wide range of international experts, many developing countries take the tourism industry as a primary economic growth engine. Countries such as Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar have little industrial development within their borders, and few domestic products to export to their neighbors or the rest of the world. With encouragement from large international institutions such as the World Bank and the ADB, leaders in these countries have come to the conclusion that their most important resources are their natural assets; i.e., their environment and traditional culture(s) – hence, their reliance on the tourism industry to bring economic prosperity to their small economies. Despite set-backs caused by the Iraq war, followed by Sars, the tourism industry is booming. In 2004, more than 700 million tourists were recorded world wide; 119.1 million of these went to the Asia Pacific Region; and 17.8 million visited the GMS. Tourism is promoted by its advocates as a “clean” industry and one which can serve to preserve both traditional cultures and the environment. The reality is far more complex. The truth of tourism development is that while it can bring real economic benefits to local communities, underscore and strengthen local cultural traditions, draw attention to and even assist environmental protection, the potential exists for tourism to erode the very resources on which it depends. Tourism is, in essence, an external dynamic force which brings hitherto unknown and unpredictable elements into people’s lives and societies. Despite the successes of several tourism projects, the reality of tourism bringing economic benefits to poor local communities, supporting traditional cultures and protecting the environment is still an elusive ideal. For example, leakages in the GMS – except for Thailand – range between 25-40% (2005 GMS Tourism Strategy Report), a situation which indicates that the local communities are not the primary beneficiaries of tourism dollars. A circuit tour of the region’s primary World Heritage Sites, i.e. Lijiang in Yunnan, Luang Prabang in Laos, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, reveals the extreme stress the high volumes of tourists place on traditional culture. The on-going quest to increase numbers of visitors to sites is, in fact, eroding the very cultural and historical values for which the sites were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage sites in the first place. Tourism, thus, can introduce serious negative social impacts – impacts which are not an intrinsic part of tourism development, but which sadly accompany the kinds of tourism that are expanding rapidly in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. These serious negative social impacts include sex tourism and especially child sex tourism (CST). Both of these impacts can be linked with trafficking. The study investigates and analyzes a wide range of antitrafficking projects and activities implemented by government agencies, international agencies, non-governmental agencies and the private sector to address the “three Ps”, i.e. prevention, protection and prosecution. Because a large amount of trafficking is not directly or indirectly linked with tourism, the study concentrates on those projects which tackle the problem of Child Sex Tourism and its related solution, Child Safe Tourism. Although Child Sex Tourism is not the only form of trafficking found within the tourism industry, it is the most heinous, and is found in both Thailand and Cambodia. The study found that there were a wide range of specific stakeholders in both Thailand and Cambodia involved with tackling this problem. Details: Monrovia, CA: World Vision, 2007. 72p. Source: A report on best "practices" on tourism and traffikcing: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2012 at http://wvasiapacific.org/downloads/publications/sunsexheritage.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Asia URL: http://wvasiapacific.org/downloads/publications/sunsexheritage.pdf Shelf Number: 117608 Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Sex Tourism (South East Asia) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: David, Fiona Title: Organised Crime and Trafficking in Persons Summary: The public tends to assume that trafficking in persons is associated with the forced recruitment of women for sexual exploitation by highly organised, criminal gangs. In reality, the modus operandi and individuals involved in trafficking crimes are diverse. Trafficking in persons can and does occur in a range of industries and sectors, and it affects women, men and children. Furthermore, this crime can and has been perpetrated by relatively unsophisticated offenders, including individuals acting alone or with one other person, such as a spouse. All of these factors have implications for prevention, detection and prosecution. In this paper an overview is provided of the existing research on the organisation of human trafficking internationally and in Australia. It begins with an examination of the key concept: precisely what is organised crime? This is followed by an examination of the Australian and international literature on trafficking offending, a review that confirms the paucity of primary research on this subject. This paper is the first publication of a larger research project investigating the nature and characteristics of trafficking offending, with a particular focus on the Australian context. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 436: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/F/3/2/%7BF32BB053-07A7-4698-BED7-47DA99F09BBD%7Dtandi436_001.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/F/3/2/%7BF32BB053-07A7-4698-BED7-47DA99F09BBD%7Dtandi436_001.pdf Shelf Number: 124801 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime (Australia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Australia. Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee Title: Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government Response, January 2004 - April 2009 Summary: People trafficking is a complex, transnational crime which may have a traumatic and lasting effect on victims. Fortunately, the number of people trafficked into Australia is low compared to many other countries in the world. Nonetheless, the Australian Government is committed to combating all forms of people trafficking, including trafficking for sexual servitude and labour exploitation. Between January 2004 and April 2009, the Australian Federal Police undertook over 270 investigations and assessments of allegations of trafficking-related offences, leading to 34 people being charged and seven convictions. There are five trafficking related matters before the Australian courts. Australia provides a comprehensive range of support services for suspected trafficking victims who are able and willing to assist in a criminal investigation or prosecution. One hundred and thirty-one people have received assistance through the Support for Victims of People Trafficking Program since its inception in January 2004. Most victims of trafficking identified in Australia have been women working in the sex industry. Australia’s anti-people trafficking strategy, which was established in 2003, is founded on three equally important needs: to do as much as we can to prevent people trafficking; to prosecute offenders; and to provide support to victims of trafficking, including by protecting their human rights. Over five years has passed since Australia implemented its anti-people trafficking strategy. The strategy now incorporates the work of around ten Commonwealth Government agencies, including the Australian Federal Police, the Office for Women, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, led by the Attorney-General’s Department as Chair of the Anti-People Trafficking IDC. The Government has implemented a range Details: Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://www.ag.gov.au/Documents/IDC%20Annual%20Report_WEB.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/Documents/IDC%20Annual%20Report_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 119340 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: van der Laan, Peter H. Title: Cross-border Trafficking In Human Beings: Prevention and Intervention Strategies for Reducing Sexual Exploitation Summary: Over the years, growing attention has been given to the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings (THB). Sexual exploitation was until recently by far the most commonly identified feature of THB, followed by forced labour. Many activities to combat trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation have been initiated by numerous supranational, international as well as national organizations. Much is written about these initiatives, but some areas have been neglected. Knowledge on ‘what works’ is in particular limited. The growing attention to THB entails a demand for more information. The severity of the crime and the impact on its victims makes it of utmost importance to gain more insight into the working and effectiveness of anti-trafficking strategies and interventions. The main objective of this review was to assess the presently available evidence on the effects of interventions that aim to prevent and suppress trafficking in human beings. The following questions were central to the systematic review: 1) What types of anti-THB strategies and interventions can be identified that have been accompanied by some form of empirical analysis? 2) Which of these studies incorporate (quasi-)experimental evaluations that are rigorous enough to determine the effect of these anti-THB strategies on preventing and suppressing THB? 3) What are the outcomes of these (quasi-)experimental studies? Policies or interventions to prevent or suppress cross border trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation have not been evaluated rigorously enough to determine their effect. Using different search strategies and key words in nine different languages, the authors identified 19.000 studies on trafficking that came out between January 2000 and June 2009. They examined and coded the full text of the 20 studies that contained a combination of the relevant key words in their title, subtitle and/or abstract. None of these were controlled and most did not even use pre- and post-test measures. Details: Oslo: The Campbell Collaboration, 2011. 50p. Source: Campbell Systematic Review 2011:9 : Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2012 at http://www.emnbelgium.be/sites/default/files/publications/cross_border_trafficking_systematic_review.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.emnbelgium.be/sites/default/files/publications/cross_border_trafficking_systematic_review.pdf Shelf Number: 124999 Keywords: Crime Prevention Human Trafficking Intervention Programs Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Title: Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and Youth 2011 Summary: This study is an attempt to quantify and qualify the issue of trafficking domestically and within the state of Tennessee in particular. In the forthcoming pages, the scale of the problem is discussed using the combined knowledge of law enforcement and social service personnel in every county across Tennessee. There are indications that some professionals blame the victim or see trafficking (as it is federally defined) as a victimless crime. These are barriers to combat trafficking and have been indicated in other studies of sex trafficking. The problem of trafficking is not only a problem of supply and demand, but of understanding and training among professionals who may come across victims or potential victims of trafficking. The analyses of the study provided a great number of facts and figures; however, please take the time to read the case studies that are offered in this report. According to the experiences of TBI staff, these are not uncommon stories of women who have been forced or coerced into prostitution, or were prostituted at a young age (i.e., the very definition of trafficking). These case studies put a face on the problem. In essence, they humanize the victims of human sex trafficking. Details: Nashville, TN: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2012 at: http://www.tbi.state.tn.us/documents/finaltnhumansextraffickingstudycolorrev2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.tbi.state.tn.us/documents/finaltnhumansextraffickingstudycolorrev2.pdf Shelf Number: 125020 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Tennessee) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Dockery, Sarah Title: Sex Trafficking in South Korea, Indonesia and China: Analyzing the Variance of Sex trafficking Levels through a Rational, Structural and Feminist Approach Summary: What explains the variance among levels of criminal participation in the sex trafficking industry in South Korea, Indonesia and China? As such, the dependent variable is the prevalence of criminal participation in the sex trafficking industry. South Korea is considered to have a low level of sex trafficking, Indonesia a medium level, and China a high level (these qualifications will be explained and discussed further later). As the research question suggests, this paper will explain sex trafficking through analyzing the role of the criminals who participate in trafficking victims, as well as the national environments in which they operate. Simply put, the international sex trafficking business would not exist without traffickers and the economic, social, political and legal contexts in which this activity takes place. The fact that individuals in different countries make the decision to become a criminal and engage in this industry fuels its persistence and growth. Instead of the victims or the consumers of the sex slavery, this paper will focus on the recruiters, traffickers, and exploiters to explain the prevalence of sex trafficking in South Korea, Indonesia, and China. One might simply conclude that South Korea has the lowest level of sex trafficking because it has the smallest population out of the three, and that China has the highest because it has the largest population. On a regional and global scale, however, the issue of sex trafficking is clearly much more complicated than that. Therefore, more complex and nuanced explanations need to be explored. To explain the variance in the prevalence of sex trafficking in these countries, three approaches will be employed: a rational approach, a structural approach, and a feminist approach. Through the rational approach, economic theories such as economic liberalism and concepts such as markets, supply, demand and comparative advantage will be utilized to explain the variation. Based on liberal economic factors and the nature of sex trafficking, this explanation hypothesizes that underdevelopment leads to higher levels of sex trafficking in a country. Second, a structural approach focuses on the role of the state as an institution. The paradigm of historical institutionalism will be coupled with Gary Becker’s economic model of crime, to analyze why individuals choose to become traffickers in this industry. Through this structural approach and Becker’s model of crime, we hypothesize that ineffective rule of law and law enforcement institutions lead to higher levels of sex trafficking. In this approach, the independent variable is the effectiveness of the institution of law enforcement, which determines of expected cost of sex trafficking. Finally, a feminist approach analyzes the role that gender inequality plays in sex trafficking in each case. Through the independent variable of gender inequality, high levels of gender inequality are hypothesized to yield higher levels of sex trafficking. Details: Memphis, TN: Rhodes College, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2012 at: http://www.operationbrokensilence.org/downloads/Dockery_Sex_Trafficking_Report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: http://www.operationbrokensilence.org/downloads/Dockery_Sex_Trafficking_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 125021 Keywords: Human Trafficking Human Trafficking (South IKorea, Indonesia, China) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nelson, Sue Title: Literature Review and Analysis Related to Human Trafficking in Post-Conflict Situations Summary: The review found a great deal of work on the subject of conflict and its effects on women, children, and gender-based violence; the gender aspects of peacekeeping; and human trafficking in countries that once were in conflict. However, very few of these works deal directly with the issues of conflict, human trafficking, and their interrelationships; even fewer works contain in-depth descriptions and analyses of conditions present in conflict and post-conflict situations, which particularly contribute to the emergence of human trafficking in post-conflict and neighboring countries. The exception is the growing body of work on child soldiers and women associated with the fighting forces (WAFF), recent works on human trafficking in women and girls for sexual exploitation in and around areas with peacekeeping missions, and the evolving links between post-conflict trafficking in persons and organized crime. From the literature review, most trafficking in post-conflict countries follows predictable patterns based on the country’s placement on the conflict spectrum. Immediately before and during conflict, human trafficking is primarily related to the recruitment and use of child soldiers1 and WAFF.2 At this stage, there is also human trafficking of refugees and displaced persons, especially for sexual exploitation or labor. Immediately following conflict, most child soldiers and WAFF victims are released and try to reintegrate back into civilian society—usually through a disarmament, demobilization, and rehabilitation (DDR) program. With the influx of large numbers of peacekeepers, human trafficking shifts toward prostitution of women and girls. In the post-conflict period, the lack of law and order and the large numbers of vulnerable and destitute populations, especially female refugees, IDPs, separated children, and war widows, contribute toward the country becoming a source and a transit point for human trafficking for sexual exploitation or forced labor. In this post-conflict climate, women and girls suffer disproportionately from lack of access to resources and education, thereby heightening their vulnerability to various forms of exploitation and human trafficking. In search of opportunities to improve their social, economic, and political situations in more developed cities or countries, yet lacking comprehensive information or access to legitimate migration programs, many of these persons fall victim to human traffickers. This phenomenon occurs not only in the immediate post-conflict period, but often well after the conflict has subsided. In some areas, such as the former Soviet Union and the Balkans, literature links post-conflict trafficking with organized and transnational crime. A few of the reviewed works also examine the role wealthier countries play as sources of demand and destination of trafficked persons. The literature review also revealed geographic patterns and trafficking trends. The work on child soldiers and WAFF is overwhelmingly related to the large number of continuing conflicts in Africa. The work on human trafficking and the presence of large numbers of peacekeepers tends to focus on the problems in the former Yugoslavia; however, more recent attention has turned toward trafficking for sexual exploitation in areas such as East Timor, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Afghanistan, and Iraq. The work on post-conflict trafficking is much broader- covering the former Soviet Union, Balkans, Africa, Southern Asia, South America and other areas of the world. Another emerging pattern is the heightened risk faced by displaced children and women before, during and after conflict. These risks include significant impediments and limited resources dedicated to poverty-alleviation and education programs, human rights awareness, rehabilitation and reintegration of victims within their home communities, as well as critical individual and public health risks from rising prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other related health complications. Among the most vulnerable populations are street children, IDPs and refugees. Yet, due to a lack of comprehensive data, population tracking, awareness-raising, multi-disciplinary examination of inter-related phenomena related to such persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, reliable information on their numbers, prevention and protection services and reliable indicators for measuring interventions for such victims are lacking. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2004. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/trafficking_dai_lit_review.pdf Year: 2004 Country: International URL: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/trafficking_dai_lit_review.pdf Shelf Number: 125022 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ham, Julie Title: Moving Beyond 'Supply and Demand' Catchphrases: Assessing the Uses and Limitations of Demand-Based Approaches in Anti-Trafficking Summary: In the anti-trafficking sector, the concept of ‘demand’ typically refers to consumers’, employers’ and clients’ demands for services provided by or products produced by trafficked labour. Although ‘demand’ is widely mentioned in the anti-trafficking literature (see page 16, What do stakeholders usually say about demand?), most references to ‘demand’ don’t go beyond brief statements about: • Needing more research on ‘demand’; • Raising awareness to reduce demand; • Demand as a root cause of trafficking; and • Reducing demand as a trafficking prevention measure. Generally, two different demand-based approaches are discussed as anti-trafficking strategies: (1) calling for the elimination of the sex work sector, and (2) reducing the demand that enables exploitation in various sectors where trafficking occurs. ‘End demand for prostitution’ approaches have been most heavily promoted by prostitution abolitionists, who claim that penalising sex workers’ clients will help fight trafficking. Sex workers rights groups and some antitrafficking organisations (including GAATW) have strongly opposed criminal penalties against clients as this approach: • Has not reduced trafficking or sex work; • Threatens sex workers’ income security and working conditions, such as by increasing competition amongst sex workers, and increasing the vulnerability of sex workers who must negotiate with nervous and scared clients (i.e. less time for workers to determine whether a potential client is safe or not); • Has not stopped violent or abusive clients who are more experienced at evading law enforcement, but has ended up impacting less experienced clients and ‘good’ clients; • Dismisses and silences the concerns, priorities and knowledge of sex workers; • Muddles anti-trafficking efforts by confusing trafficking with sex work; • Increases police’s power over sex workers; and • Increases stigma against women in sex work. Sex workers’ rights groups and anti-trafficking allies have tried to shift the concept of ‘demand’ in a more rights-based direction by: trying to reduce the demand for unprotected paid sex (e.g. by empowering sex workers to demand condom use), reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices within the sex work sector, and increasing awareness among ‘demand’ or clients about treating sex workers respectfully and ethically. Many sex workers rights organisations also advocate for decriminalising consensual sex work while retaining existing criminal penalties against violence in sex work. They and their allies argue that decriminalisation of consensual sex work would: • Help prevent the misuse of anti-trafficking laws to punish women in sex work; • Impact the ‘demand’ for commercial sex by increasing women’s power to manage or negotiate working conditions with clients; • Assist anti-trafficking efforts by fostering cooperation between police and sex workers; • Reduce police violence against sex workers by changing the amount of power police yield over sex workers; and • Allow sex workers to report violence and exploitation to the police without fear of arrest. Another anti-trafficking approach to demand focuses on tackling the demand for exploitative labour practices, in any sector where trafficking can occur. In the sex work sector, re-framing demand-based efforts to reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices in sex work may provide a more productive, rights-based approach than the ‘end demand for prostitution’ approaches currently touted by prostitution abolitionists. The demand for exploitative labour practices (including, but not limited to the sex work sector) generally refers to labour that is: • Low cost - including non-payment or underpayment; • Easy to control - including keeping workers from leaving abusive situations; and • Unprotected - social attitudes that normalise or justify exploitation and discrimination, unregulated labour. The demand for low cost, controllable and unprotected labour can stem from globalised economic processes demanding increasingly flexible labour, and discrimination that can normalise or justify exploitation. Although migrant labour isn’t inherently exploitable, social and political processes can change migrant labour into labour that can be exploited. Migrant labour becomes cheap, controllable and unprotected when: • Labour market demands are undermined by immigration policies; • Migrant workers are labelled or constructed as ‘illegal’; and when • Discrimination against migrants is normalised or justified. Strategies to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices include: • Creating legal migration channels for working-class migrant workers; • Ensuring coherence between immigration and labour policies; • Decriminalising migration and protecting migrants’ rights; • Enforcing labour standards and improving working conditions; • Reducing discrimination against migrants; • Raising awareness among investors and consumers on how they can help reduce demand. The usefulness of current ‘demand’-based approaches in anti-trafficking may be limited because: • The main focus on clients and consumers can mask significant structural factors that need to be addressed, including poverty and restrictive immigration measures; • Simplistic economic analogies of ‘supply and demand’ may not help to clarify complex social issues, such as trafficking; • Demand-based approaches fail to acknowledge migrants’ and workers’ own demands, motivations, aspirations, resistance strategies and recommendations; and • People talk about ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ as if they’re not connected. Efforts to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices may be more effective if stakeholders: • Recognise the different ways supply and demand can shape each other, e.g. a large supply of cheap labour can increase the demand for domestic workers; • Focus efforts on reducing the ability of employers to demand vulnerable, exploitable labor, in any sector, not just the sex work industry; • Listen to the ‘supply’s (i.e. workers’) demands, such as the demand for safe migration opportunities, and the demand for safe working conditions. It could well be that problems about ‘demand’ would be best met with ‘supply’-side solutions (i.e. strengthening workers’ rights). For example, how do domestic workers’ organising efforts and labour protections change the expectations and behaviour of employers? Details: Bangkok, Thailand: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Shelf Number: 125023 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lymouris, Nikolaos Title: Tracking in Greece Summary: Trafficking in human beings has taken on great proportions worldwide over the last twenty years. “Traditional” slave trade and slavery have evolved into a “modern” business, especially under the forms of compulsory labour and sexual exploitation. It is estimated that trafficking in human beings constitutes the third largest “criminal business” after illicit trafficking of narcotics and arms. Details: Munich: MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 2007. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: MPRA Paper No. 32457: Accessed May 3, 2012 at: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32457/1/MPRA_paper_32457.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Greece URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32457/1/MPRA_paper_32457.pdf Shelf Number: 125136 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Greece) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Asia Foundation Title: Combating Human Trafficking in Vietnam: Lessons Learned and Practical Experiences for Future Program Design and Implementation Summary: This report has been developed to share the achievements, experiences, best practices, and lessons learned from The Asia Foundation’s sixyear program to prevent and combat human trafficking in Vietnam. The report features an overview culled from The Foundation’s experience in implementing program interventions in collaboration with an expanding network of local and international partners that share our commitment to bettering the lives of trafficking victims and protecting those at-risk of being trafficked. The Foundation implemented a comprehensive program with components designed to be complementary and mutually reinforcing. Those components include: economic empowerment initiatives that target poor women and provide access to credit and vocational training; creating awareness of trafficking risks by implementing artbased communication campaigns on safe migration in schools and communities; enhancing access to justice by offering legal aid support to victims who are reintegrating into Vietnamese communities; supporting victim reintegration by developing innovative new community support group models; and facilitating cross-border cooperation to stop trafficking. The report is divided into three main sections: I) Program Introduction, II) Analysis of the Eight Program Components, and III) Conclusions. Through descriptive analysis, case studies of individuals, program highlights, and detailed lessons learned, the report describes the contributions of the program and the challenges encountered in addressing the multiple facets of the serious and complex human trafficking problem in Vietnam. Details: Hanoi, Vietnam: The Asia Foundation, 2008. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2012 at: http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/338 Year: 2008 Country: Vietnam URL: http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/338 Shelf Number: 125151 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Vietnam) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Evans, Catrin Title: Trafficking in Nepal: Intervention Models A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Trafficking Intervention Approaches in Nepal Summary: This report on current intervention models is part of a larger research study entitled “Intervention Needs for the Prevention of Trafficking and the Care and Support of Trafficked Persons in the Context of an Emerging HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nepal.” The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supported this comprehensive study under the Population Council’s Horizons Program. The Population Council in turn subcontracted The Asia Foundation in Kathmandu to conduct the research. The objective of this report is to “document and analyze current intervention models for the prevention of trafficking and the care and support of trafficked persons in Nepal.” Between August and September 2000, two researchers interviewed four key informants, one donor agency, two international and eight local NGOs based in Kathmandu. All of these individuals and organizations support or implement antitrafficking programs, or have extensive knowledge of trafficking-related issues in Nepal. This research aims to understand current perceptions of trafficking and identify the assumptions that explicitly or implicitly inform intervention approaches. A comparative analysis of different intervention approaches (including their content and process) was made using a human rights framework. Issues of feasibility, coverage, effectiveness and sustainability were considered. Finally, lessons learned are highlighted. Details: Kathmandu, Nepal: The Asia Foundation, 2000. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2012 at: http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/435 Year: 2000 Country: Nepal URL: http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/435 Shelf Number: 125152 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Nepal) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Laczko, Frank Title: Trafficking in Persons and Human Development: Towards A More Integrated Policy Response Summary: Poverty is often regarded as the "root cause" of trafficking, but the linkages between poverty, lack of development and trafficking are complex. For example, there is some evidence to suggest that victims of cross-border trafficking are more likely to originate from middle-income rather than lower-income countries. Trafficking and development have tended to be treated as very separate policy areas and the assessment of the development impact of counter-trafficking programmes is still at an early stage. This paper outlines a possible framework for a more evidence-based approach to understanding the linkages between trafficking, trafficking policy and human development. The paper argues that the human development gains from greater mobility could be significantly enhanced if there was greater coherence between policies to combat trafficking and policies to promote development. Details: New York: United Nations Development Program, 2009. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Human Development Research Paper 2009/51: Accessed May 4, 2012 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_51.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_51.pdf Shelf Number: 125155 Keywords: Human Trafficking Poverty Sexual Exploitation

Author: Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children Title: Abuse Without End: Burmese Refugee Women and Children at Risk of Trafficking Summary: Hundreds of thousands of refugees from Burma, many of them women and children, have fled into neighboring Thailand in the course of the past two decades. Escaping armed conflict and rampant human rights violations in their homeland, these refugees often find that safety eludes them during and after crossing the Thai border. The failure of Thailand to offer them meaningful protection puts them at risk of continued human rights abuses, including trafficking. Women and children are particularly at risk of trafficking, and the sexual and physical exploitation and forced labor associated with it, as they desperately seek a way to support themselves and their families. Details: New York: Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2006. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2012 at: http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/docs/mm_traff.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/docs/mm_traff.pdf Shelf Number: 125156 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Burma and Thailand) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jennings, Kathleen Title: UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications Summary: “Peacekeeping economies” have not been subject to much analysis of either their economic or socio-cultural and political impacts. This paper uses a gendered lens to explore some ramifications and lasting implications of peacekeeping economies, drawing on examples from four post-conflict countries with past or ongoing United Nations peacekeeping missions: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liberia, and Haiti. The paper is particularly concerned with the interplay between the peacekeeping economy and the sex industry. It examines some of the characteristics and impacts of peacekeeping economies, arguing that these are highly gendered – but that the “normalization” of peacekeeping economies allows these effects to be overlooked or obscured. It also contends that these gendered characteristics and impacts have (or are likely have) broad and lasting consequences. Finally, the paper considers the initial impacts of UN efforts to tackle negative impacts of peacekeeping economies, particularly the zero-tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and the effort to “mainstream” gender and promote gender equality in and through peacekeeping. The paper suggests that the existence and potential longterm perpetuation of a highly gendered peacekeeping economy threatens to undermine the gender goals and objectives that are a component of most peace operations. Details: Brighton, UK: MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2009. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: MICROCON Research Working Paper 17; Accessed May 8, 2012 at: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Shelf Number: 125177 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Burn, Jennifer Title: Hidden Exploitation: Women in Forced Labour, Marriage and Migration: An Evidence Review Summary: This report exposes gaps in knowledge and services relating to the labour of women in Australia. Along with an assessment of the needs, it provides suggestions for a way forward in terms of possible partnerships for developing knowledge, services and advocacy. The gaps considered include labour force, forced labour, forced migration and forced marriage. Labour Force and Forced Labour While women have over the long term been overrepresented in part-time or casual employment, the increased use of precarious forms of employment is leaving many women, especially those from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds at risk. There is a need for more legal protection as well as culturally and linguistically appropriate resources for community education on rights and services. While it appears that exploitation of children through work is not happening on a significant scale in Australia, it is important that a means of keeping a national watch on this is found. There is a clear history of exploitation of Indigenous women by way of overwork or government control of work or earnings. The situation of disadvantage in work remains in place for many today. Indigenous women are overrepresented among the unemployed and discouraged workers. Through the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) many are in effect underpaid for highly skilled work and long hours. The status of CDEP participants needs to be established so that more equitable outcomes can be put in place. In Australia employment legislation and instituted monitoring and intervention via the Fair Work Act, Fair Work Australia and the Fair Work Ombudsman provide protection for workers. However, those in employment other than full time, permanent work are still relatively unprotected. Improvements are needed in relation to the relevant aspects of immigration law and anti-discrimination law and the anti-trafficking legislation needs a review. In addition, services (including language resources and education) are needed to improve access to protection and legal assistance for vulnerable workers, especially Indigenous women and women from Non-English Speaking Backgrounds or CALD backgrounds. The report outlines the definitions in international and Australian laws of “people trafficking”, “slavery” and “forced labour” and makes the case for criminalising forced labour. Forced migration Migrant women as a group tend to be vulnerable to varying degrees when it comes to work, because of factors including financial stress, language, lack of education or qualifications, social isolation or child care responsibilities. Among the most vulnerable are those people on temporary work or student visas who suffer from a lack of affordable housing and poor access to information about work rights. Being without a valid visa adds another dimension. Forced marriage For foreign partners of Australian citizens, family violence may mask forced or servile marriage, so education of community workers is needed for the full protection of the women concerned. All of these situations are complex legally and culturally, so community consultation is critical and the safety of each woman needs to have priority. The many opportunities for further work include research, community consultation, awareness raising, service provision and advocacy. Details: Abbotsford, VIC: Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand, 2012. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2012 at: http://www.goodshepherd.com.au/sites/default/files/files/0556%20GOOD%20SHEPHERD%20HIDDEN%20EXPLOITATION%20EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY%20FINAL%20ONLINE%5B1%5D%5B2%5D.pdf (executive summary) Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.goodshepherd.com.au/sites/default/files/files/0556%20GOOD%20SHEPHERD%20HIDDEN%20EXPLOITATION%20EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY%20FINAL%20ONLINE%5B1%5D%5B2%5D.pdf (executive summary) Shelf Number: 125224 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor (Australia) Forced Marriage Forced Migration Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Violence Against Women

Author: Levonkron, Nomi Title: The Legalization of Prostitution: Myth and Reality. A Comparative Study of Four Countries Summary: During the course of almost any discussion on the subject of prostitution and trafficking in women, one or more of those involved argues that the solution is to legalize prostitution. Those who support this approach claim that legalization will enable criminal elements to be identified and removed from the sex industry; will protect women’s rights; and will prevent a public nuisance. It is also claimed that the state will benefit from the taxation of the sex industry. Since a number of countries have gained practical experience in the legalization of prostitution, public debate on this question in Israel should be informed by this experience. As our study shows, the “legalization of prostitution” should not be seen as a homogenous concept. Different countries have introduced widely divergent arrangements or systems of legalization reflecting diverse approaches to prostitution. After presenting the principal features of the debate on the approach to be taken to prostitution and its institutionalization, we shall review the situation in Israel. Thereafter, we shall examine the arrangements for legalization as introduced in four countries, focusing on a number of aspects: The factors leading the country to legalize prostitution; the nature of the institutionalizing legislation; and the ways in which the process of legalization influenced all those involved – the victims of human trafficking and women engaged in prostitution, pimps and traders, and the position of state, particularly in economic terms. Lastly, we shall examine the ramifications of our study for Israel. Should the current policy be left intact or should it be changed; and if so – how? Can the legalization of prostitution provide a solution for the situation in Israel? The present study is unique in terms of the diversity of the sources on which it is based. In additional to theoretical literature, empirical and updated information that was collected from reports issued by governmental authorities and NGOs in the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, and the state of Nevada in the USA. The comparison between these different countries aimed to enable a thorough examination of the systems introduced to legalize prostitution in their local economic, political, and sociocultural contexts. The Netherlands and Germany are two adjacent nations; both are members of the European Union and both have a similar basic profile. This selection was balanced with countries from other continents with sharply different conditions, as reflected in the distinct systems they have adopted for the legalization of prostitution. The information collected for the study reflects a broad range of ideological positions on the subject of prostitution, from those who view it as a form of exploitation and humiliation of women to those who see prostitution as just another job. In each of the countries examined we contacted experts and relevant public bodies – the police, the prosecution service, the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in women, and human rights organizations that assist the victims of trafficking, as well as organizations that help women in the sex industry to claim their rights. We sent identical questionnaires to these sources in order to examine all aspects of the process of institutionalization. In addition to the abovementioned sources, the study is also based on the responses received from fifteen experts and organizations. Details: Tel Aviv: Hotline for Migrant Workers, 2007p. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2012 at: http://hotline.org.il/english/pdf/The_Legalization_Of_Prostitution_English.pdf Year: 2007 Country: International URL: http://hotline.org.il/english/pdf/The_Legalization_Of_Prostitution_English.pdf Shelf Number: 125290 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution, Legalization (Israel) Sex Industry Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Holzer, Jacqueline W. Title: A Spatial Analysis of Human Trafficking in Greater Los Angeles Summary: This research provides a spatial analysis of the local anti-human trafficking movement that has emerged in Greater Los Angeles since the discovery of the El Monte case in 1995. Over the past 15 years, the U.S. government has allocated substantial funds and resources to fighting human trafficking in Greater Los Angeles and elsewhere in the country. Non-governmental and governmental institutions have launched a series of awareness campaigns, established coalitions of agencies, developed and implemented rescue strategies and social service programs, and educated tens of thousands of law enforcement members and local communities on the issue of human trafficking. So far, these federally led anti-human trafficking efforts have struggled to yield their expected outcome in terms of the number of victims identified and traffickers prosecuted. Deploying a variety of ethnographic and qualitative methods, this study investigates how and in what form a localization of international and national anti-human trafficking responses through local agents has emerged as an essential but often neglected factor in effectively combating human trafficking in Greater Los Angeles. The study identifies key agents operating in the anti-human trafficking sector and analyzes the forms in which local agents create space for meaningfully and effectively translating national antitrafficking policies into specific local contexts. Results show that community-based organizations embracing the dynamics of place and adopting a strong victim-centered approach have produced better outcomes in terms of identifying victims, organizing adequate and necessary assistance, and seeking justice for survivors of human trafficking. Details: Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 2010. 316p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 26, 2012 at: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Holzer-4100.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Holzer-4100.pdf Shelf Number: 125402 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Los Angeles, California) Sexual Exploitation Spatial Analysis

Author: Hartl, Jennifer Ann Title: Human Trafficking in the Russian Federation: An Examination of the Anti-Trafficking Efforts of the Federal Government, Non-Governmental Organizations and the International Organization for Migration Summary: The buying and selling of human beings for the purpose of exploiting their labor seems, to most people, a distant and archaic practice that disappeared in the mid–19th century. The trans-Atlantic slave trade and the infamous Middle Passage are phenomena studied in history courses, as though they were secured firmly in the past. To be sure, the ‘peculiar institution’ of the legal trade in human beings did end during the 19th century; the legal ownership of slaves in the United States ended when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863. Yet, the illegal trade in humans has continued and, today, illegal modern slavery exists on every continent in the world. It is sustained by global traffic of men, women, and children, which is financed and operated by international organized crime networks in some cases and unscrupulous individuals – including friends and family members of the enslaved – in others. The trafficking of human beings for the exploitation of their labor in the Russian Federation is the focus this paper. Specifically, this paper examines human trafficking operations in Russia and the efforts of the Russian government, non-governmental organizations, and the International Organization for Migration to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and provide assistance to survivors of trafficking. To put this into context, I first discuss the problem of human trafficking on a global scale, particularly focusing on the nature of human trafficking as a global issue as well explaining the differences between human trafficking and human smuggling. I then consider the root causes of human trafficking including both push and pull factors which sustain the business of trafficking in persons. I acknowledge the problem of conducting data and research on human trafficking, particularly methodological challenges, and the need for better data on human trafficking. My in-depth study of human trafficking in the Russian Federation includes discussions of the main forms of trafficking, health issues related to human trafficking, trafficking and the shadow economy, and the relationships between trafficking, corruption, and organized crime. I evaluate the anti-trafficking efforts in Russia by the Federal Government, non-governmental organizations, and the International Organization for Migration. Following and evaluation of anti-trafficking efforts in Russia, I will discuss recommendations for future anti-trafficking policy. Details: Iowa City: University of Iowa, 2010. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 26, 2012 at: http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1867&context=etd Year: 2010 Country: Russia URL: http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1867&context=etd Shelf Number: 125407 Keywords: Corruption Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Russian Federation) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Poudel, Meena Title: Dealing with Hidden Issues: Social Rejection Experienced by Trafficked Women in Nepal Summary: The Trafficking of Nepalese women to various parts of India for sexual purposes has a long history and is an extremely sensitive issue. Despite the focus by non governmental organisations and various plans being formulated by the Nepalese government to ameliorate the problem of trafficking of women, the situation of returnee trafficked women is largely unknown. Analysis of the lived experiences of Nepalese trafficked women shows that trafficking is linked with gender, migration, poverty, work, sex, money, power and violence. Women may be able to escape trafficking physically; however legal and social labelling of women continues to affect all aspects of their lives. These labels are linked with the women’s perceived sexuality and build on sexual trauma and violence the women encounter in trafficking. After leaving trafficking settings these processes of social labelling often negatively characterise women as ‘bad women’, as morally and socially degraded and/or as a criminals responsible for HIV/AIDS transmission. Trafficked women are eventually blamed for bringing ‘shame’ to their families and society at large. These consequences are not desirable, but are imposed by Nepalese society, and contribute to various forms of samajik bahiskar (social rejection) enforced on women on their return disqualifying them from achieving the formal citizenship that they are entitled to. This samajik bahiskar sets trafficked women apart from other women and prevents them taking part in religious ceremonies within the family and communities; setting up businesses and cooperatives; accessing services and resources for example health, education, daily wages and legal assistance, and receiving skills training. This study examines the processes and consequences of samajik bahiskar experienced by trafficked women in Nepal and how these processes interact with the socio-cultural context of Nepal from the perspectives of trafficked women who have returned from various trafficking settings in Nepal and India. This study also explores the contexts in which women are stigmatised, labels are attributed to them, samajik bahiskar is constructed, the consequences are experienced and tactics and strategies employed by trafficked to resist samajik bahiskar in the cultural context that women have returned to. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Newcastle University, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, 2009. 326p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 27, 2012 at: https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/10443/1030/1/Poudel%2010.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Nepal URL: https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/10443/1030/1/Poudel%2010.pdf Shelf Number: 125413 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Nepal) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zywiec, Dawn Marie Title: Women Trafficking Women and Children: An Exploratory Study of Women Sex Traffickers Summary: There is little published literature on female sex traffickers in the United States. The purpose of this research was to explore the lived experiences of women sex traffickers. Method: This qualitative study primarily drew on in-depth, interpretive feminist methodology. Seven women offenders were interviewed twice for 90 minutes, from three different prisons. Six of the women were sex offenders. Narratives were analyzed and themes constructed. Through ongoing dialogue, the researcher was able to find meaning in, and to describe the women’s experiences. Although each woman’s experience was unique, there were commonalities in their narratives. Findings: Four themes emerged from the data analysis: pathways to prison, prison culture and experience, views towards victims, and giving back. The co-offender typology was the primary theme that emerged from the analysis of the transcripts. Fearing abandonment, most of the participants felt pressured by male partners to traffic children and commit other sexual offenses, often against their own children. Conclusion: Grounded in participants’ experiences, this study contributes to defining sex trafficking in a broader network and structure of oppression. The in-depth, descriptive findings of this research will hopefully expand anti-sex trafficking campaign prevention, and awareness knowledge. Details: Carbondale, ILL: Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2012. 233p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 28, 2012 at: her.siu.edu/dissertations/DZywiec.doc Year: 2012 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 125425 Keywords: Female Sex Traffickers Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Shively, Michael Title: A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts Summary: To combat prostitution and human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, criminal justice interventions and collaborative programs have emerged that focus on reducing demand for commercial sex. In a prior study, Abt Associates found that the use of anti-demand approaches was more widespread throughout the United States than previously thought. We also found that little research or descriptive information was available about the vast majority of interventions. It was also evident that communities attempting to address demand had usually done so with little guidance from the collective experience of others; consequently, some initiatives had struggled or failed when faced with problems that had been solved elsewhere. This report is designed to provide a descriptive overview of initiatives targeting the demand for commercial sex in the United States. It describes the process of gathering the information in this (and other) reports, discusses specific initiatives, and highlights selected communities to illustrate how and why their members have endeavored to address prostitution and sex trafficking by combating demand. The report is intended to serve as an introduction for those considering applying antidemand tactics in their communities, and for those at the state government level who are considering policies, statutes, and infrastructure investments supporting local efforts. Details: Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 2012. 245p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 2, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/238796.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/238796.pdf Shelf Number: 125442 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution (U.S.) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: David, Fiona Title: Organised Crime and Trafficking in Persons Summary: The public tends to assume that trafficking in persons is associated with the forced recruitment of women for sexual exploitation by highly organised, criminal gangs. In reality, the modus operandi and individuals involved in trafficking crimes are diverse. Trafficking in persons can and does occur in a range of industries and sectors, and it affects women, men and children. Furthermore, this crime can and has been perpetrated by relatively unsophisticated offenders, including individuals acting alone or with one other person, such as a spouse. All of these factors have implications for prevention, detection and prosecution. In this paper an overview is provided of the existing research on the organisation of human trafficking internationally and in Australia. It begins with an examination of the key concept: precisely what is organised crime? This is followed by an examination of the Australian and international literature on trafficking offending, a review that confirms the paucity of primary research on this subject. This paper is the first publication of a larger research project investigating the nature and characteristics of trafficking offending, with a particular focus on the Australian context. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 436: Accessed July 2, 2012 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/421-440/tandi436.aspx Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/421-440/tandi436.aspx Shelf Number: 125449 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Australia) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Morgan, Katherine Ann Title: Domestic Human Trafficking, Pimping, and Prostitution Enforcement in San Diego: A Policy Analysis and Case Study Summary: This research aimed to understand the scope, dynamics, and characteristics of domestic human sex trafficking in San Diego County. The methodology included a content analysis of 17 pimping case investigations, 12 face-to-face interviews with experts in the field, and an examination of the county's current policy and programming responses to these issues. The results of this study are limited due the small sample and lack of direct contact with pimps or prostitutes. This study found that the extent of pimping in San Diego County is greater than previous research indicated. Respondents who work in the field also noted that the rate of gang-related pimping appears to have significantly increased over the past five years and rival gangs are believed to share information and resources to maximize profits resulting from the sexual exploitation of young women. Additionally, major gaps in victim services were noted, such as lack of beds in safe houses, minimal 24- hour emergency services, and scant availability of programs tailored to juveniles and victims with children. Details: San Diego, CA: San Diego State University, 2012. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 2, 2012 at: http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1904/Morgan_Katherine.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1904/Morgan_Katherine.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 125454 Keywords: Gangs Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lee, Samuel Title: Human Trafficking and Regulating Prostitution Summary: The effect of prostitution laws on human trafficking and voluntary prostitution is subject to debate. We argue theoretically that neither legalization nor criminalization can simultaneously protect voluntary prostitutes and unambiguously reduce trafficking. We propose an alternative, “hybrid” policy that achieves both objectives and restores the free market outcome that arises in the absence of trafficking: legal, strictly regulated brothels combined with severe criminal penalties for johns who buy sex outside of them. If a regulator wants to eradicate all prostitution instead, the optimal policy criminalizes all johns. Criminalizing prostitutes is ineffective and unjust because it fails to eradicate trafficking and penalizes victims. We consider cross-border trafficking, sex tourism, social norms, and political support for prostitution laws. The model predicts that the female-male income ratio is a key determinant of how much prostitution is involuntary, the consequences of prostitution laws, and the political will to enact or enforce them. Details: New York: Stern School of Business, New York University, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 5, 2012 at: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Shelf Number: 125471 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: George, Carrie Title: Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex: Further Insights: A Comparison of Men Who Purchase Sex Indoors Versus Outdoors Summary: In December of 2006 and June of 2007 the Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE), Prostitution Research and Education (PRE), and the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless (CCH) launched a research initiative in Chicago to investigate the cognitive and behavioral patterns of men who purchase sex. A research team of ten individuals, including three survivors of the sex trade, were trained by CAASE and PRE. In the course of four days in December of 2006 the interview team interviewed 54 men who purchase sex. Interviews were held in a public hotel lobby in order to ensure safety for the interviewer and to reassure interviewees that this was, in fact, a legitimate interview and not a policesting. In June of 2007 the second 59 interviews were conducted. These interviews were held in private meeting rooms of Chicago Public Libraries. Participants for this study were recruited by an advertisement that was published weekly in the Chicago Reader and Chicago After Dark (free news publications). The advertisement was also run daily in the “Erotic Services” section of Craigslist. Craigslist is a community website where people can find jobs, locate roommates, sell furniture, etc. It is also a website where people can advertise “erotic services” which is mostly code for prostitution. In the last year there has been increased public awareness of Craigslist as a location where pimps and johns sell and buy sex in great numbers. On Craigslist Chicago men can find thousands of women in prostitution who sell sex in homes, hotels, motels, apartment-based brothels and massage parlor brothels1. We posted our ad in the “Erotic Services” section of Craigslist since we knew men who buy sex would likely be using that website. Our ad read as follows: Chicago based Research Organization is looking to interview men who have paid for commercial sex. Interviews last two hours and are completely confidential. We pay $40.00 in cash at the end of each interview. If interested, please call XXX-XXXXXXX or e-mail _______________. In total, the research team interviewed 113 men who buy sex. In 2008, CAASE released Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex,2 which summarized the demographic and cognitive characteristics of the men who were interviewed. This report is meant to be the first in a series of addendums meant to give additional insights into men who buy sex. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE), 2010. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2012 at: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2e/FileItem-149843-JohnsWhoPurchaseInsideVersusOutside.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2e/FileItem-149843-JohnsWhoPurchaseInsideVersusOutside.pdf Shelf Number: 125507 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trade Sexual Exploitation

Author: Larsen, Jacqueline Joudo Title: People Trafficking in Australia Summary: The clandestine nature of trafficking in persons means that there is little reliable data about the nature and extent of the crime; however, a picture is emerging of the nature of people trafficking as the number of prosecutions grows. Few of the cases identified in Australia to date fit the traditional stereotypes of the forced movement and confinement of trafficked persons by traffickers. This paper summarises what is currently known about the nature of people trafficking in Australia. It includes an examination of how the reality of people trafficking compares with community perceptions of the crime. The authors note the need to establish reliable data-driven monitoring systems to better assess the nature and extent of trafficking into Australia, and the need to educate the Australian community to improve their understanding, given the important role they play in identifying and supporting trafficking victims. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 441: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://aic.gov.au/documents/A/2/1/%7BA219EED2-D27C-4BBF-B99A-4687070C3F7B%7Dtandi441.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/documents/A/2/1/%7BA219EED2-D27C-4BBF-B99A-4687070C3F7B%7Dtandi441.pdf Shelf Number: 125509 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Shapiro, Melanie Title: Sex Trafficking and Decriminalized Prostitution in Rhode Island Summary: Rhode Island is the only state in the United States where prostitution is decriminalized indoors. Since decriminalization in 1980, the sex industry has expanded and Rhode Island has become a destination for commercial sex in New England. Rhode Island is one of only three states that have not had a human trafficking prosecution. Rhode Island has had no prosecutions of sex trafficking since the state anti-trafficking law was passed in 2007. The goal of this project was to research the history of decriminalization, gather information on Asian massage parlor brothels, and determine if sex trafficking is occurring in these establishments. Research on Asian massage parlor brothels and sex trafficking was carried out by observation of brothels, content analysis of writings by “johns” in online forums, newspaper stories, analysis of federal, state, and local statutes, analysis of known prostitution and sex trafficking cases, and advertisements by Asian massage parlor brothels. Asian massage parlors were the focus of the research since they advertise publicly, making them easier to research than other brothels in Rhode Island. The massage parlor advertisements and the reported experiences of “johns” were monitored for indications of sex trafficking. Interviews about massage parlor brothels and sex trafficking were conducted with public officials, law enforcement personnel, social justice groups, faith-based organizations, and victim service providers. To research the history of decriminalization, the trial transcripts, affidavits, motions, and briefs of the federal case were analyzed. Lawyers, officials, and other people knowledgeable about the decriminalization case were interviewed. Results of the research identified thirty-three Asian massage parlor brothels. Indicators of sex trafficking were found, such as barred windows and sealed exit doors, and the use of surveillance video cameras. Indications of women’s restricted freedom and limited mobility were identified, such as living on the premises and being rotated through a circuit of massage parlors. Content analysis of “johns’” reports of buying sex revealed examples of women’s resistance to engage in sex acts, indicating they may not have been acting freely. Research into the history of prostitution and massage parlor raids found evidence of sex trafficking. In 2006, a federal multistate sex trafficking case included a Providence massage parlor. Decriminalization of prostitution indoors resulted from a confluence of factors. In the late 1970s, citizens demanded police action against street prostitution in their neighborhoods. The existing prostitution laws made criminal procedures slow, and since prostitutes remained on the streets awaiting jury trials, it was ineffective to reduce prostitution. In addition, a prostitutes’ rights group filed a federal sex discrimination against the state of Rhode Island because more women than men were being arrested for soliciting sex even though the statute was genderneutral. Decriminalized prostitution has factored in the expansion of the commercial sex industry and the absence of any federal or state sex trafficking cases. Decriminalization of prostitution also makes it difficult to use existing statutes for organizing and controlling prostitution. Decriminalization of prostitution also interferes with the ability to identify and assist victims of sex trafficking. Details: Kingston, RI: University of Rhode Island, 2009. 154p. Source: Internet Resource: Senios Honors Project, Paper 135: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=srhonorsprog&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%2522sex%2520trafficking%2520and%2520decriminalized%2520prostitution%2522%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CE4QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.uri.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1137%2526context%253Dsrhonorsprog%26ei%3D59v6T6T5BumU6wG1zoHOBg%26usg%3DAFQjCNH6GGMMpr0oL9JW2X1WV-F6LnciFw#search=%22sex%20trafficking%20decriminalized%20prostitution%22 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=srhonorsprog&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%2522sex%2520trafficking%2520and%2520decriminalized%2520prosti Shelf Number: 125520 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution, Decriminalization (Rhode Island) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Northern Ireland. Department of Justice Title: Research Paper Investigating the Issues for Women in Northern Ireland Involved in Prostitution and Exploring Best Practice Elsewhere Summary: Prostitution is occurring in towns throughout Northern Ireland: PSNI intelligence over a six month period indicated that 18 of the 29 police areas in Northern Ireland had reported incidents of prostitution. However, Belfast, in particular South Belfast, remains the main problem area. In 2010 the PSNI suggested that there were approximately 40-100 women involved in prostitution at any one time in Northern Ireland. However, the common opinion of those interviewed for this research is that it is extremely difficult to obtain an exact figure for the number of women involved, given the covert nature of the activity. Moreover, street prostitution has declined in Northern Ireland and off-street prostitution has increased, making it harder to track. Research indicates that Northern Ireland is a destination country as well as a transit country for victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Prostitution is occurring in towns throughout Northern Ireland: PSNI intelligence over a six month period indicated that 18 of the 29 police areas in Northern Ireland had reported incidents of prostitution. However, Belfast, in particular South Belfast, remains the main problem area. In 2010 the PSNI suggested that there were approximately 40-100 women involved in prostitution at any one time in Northern Ireland. However, the common opinion of those interviewed for this research is that it is extremely difficult to obtain an exact figure for the number of women involved, given the covert nature of the activity. Moreover, street prostitution has declined in Northern Ireland and off-street prostitution has increased, making it harder to track. Research indicates that Northern Ireland is a destination country as well as a transit country for victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It is common for these victims to be moved across the border from Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland and back again. Many of the women who have been trafficked into Northern Ireland and forced into prostitution were under the illusion that they would be working as nannies, seamstresses, hairdressers or that they would be receiving an education. These women, who are believed predominantly to be Chinese or from Africa or South America, are commonly subjected to violence and threats. It is important to note that women involved in prostitution in Northern Ireland will not always be trafficked from other countries. Some may be Northern Ireland women who have got caught up in the sex industry because of problems that they have experienced in their lives. Internal trafficking can also take place where a woman who is a native of the country is sold and trafficked around Northern Ireland. The age of those involved in prostitution in Northern Ireland can range from younger than 15 to 50 or more years of age. There is anecdotal evidence which suggests that prostitution in Northern Ireland is linked to organised crime gangs and drug use. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Department of Justice, 2011. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/publications/final_research_paper_-_women_in_northern_ireland_involved_in_prostitution.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/publications/final_research_paper_-_women_in_northern_ireland_involved_in_prostitution.pdf Shelf Number: 125523 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution (Northern Ireland) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ciudadana, Mirada Title: The Prelude to Human Trafficking: Vulnerable Spaces for Andean Migrants in the European Union Summary: This exploratory study was born out of the desire to shed light on possible human trafficking cases in Europe. The initial research goals were modified during the research process due to difficulties in locating human trafficking cases in which Peru was the country of origin and Europe the point of destination. For this reason it was not possible to learn about characteristics of the victims or about their experiences. Consequently, more emphasis was placed on examining factors that could have favored the development of human trafficking in Europe and which could help explain why some groups of people may be more vulnerable than others to becoming victims of human trafficking. Given the difficulties of obtaining information about victims of Peruvian origin in the European Union (EU), it was deemed necessary to expand the scope of the research and include information about people from the entire Andean community (Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia, as well as Peru). However, the main results of this study focus on the Peruvian community, while data regarding trafficking victims from the Andean community serve as contextual support. Following the initial research, Mirada Ciudadana continued the study, broadening the scope and research about irregular migration of persons of the Andean community in the European Union, especially in Spain and Italy, countries which contain more than 70% of the Andean migrants in the European Union. 1 Mirada Ciudadana contacted civil society organizations that deal with human trafficking in the European Union and migratory issues in general in Peru, as well as Peruvian consular representatives in European countries with the largest number of Andean migrants. Mirada Ciudadana also contacted European government offices which provide assistance and protective services to trafficking victims in EU countries. The authors also contacted Peruvian associations in the EU. The primary objectives of this study seek to identify cases of human trafficking victims in the European Union and to identify vulnerable situations conducive to human trafficking. These objectives lead to several questions which have been separated into two main areas: The first area includes questions related to the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of human trafficking and groups of people that are vulnerable to exploitation: What are the driving factors leading to the existence of spaces prone to human trafficking and human exploitation in general? How is it possible to obtain viable statistics given the illicit nature of irregular migration? How many confirmed cases exist involving trafficked Peruvians in the European Union? How many cases exist that involve persons from other Andean countries? What impact could irregular migration have on the global human trafficking problem? The second set of questions relates to the best mechanisms for obtaining this information: What institutions have the greatest access to victims: Consular representatives whose mission is to protect their fellow citizens? Civil society organizations and government entities that provide specialized assistance and protection to trafficking victims? Local associations established in the receptor countries comprised of Andean citizens? Are these institutions willing to share this information and why? What responses did these institutions provide when contacted? In response to these questions, the study is divided into five main sections: • The first section presents the research aims and methodology. • In the next section, the historical background of this issue is reviewed to provide a foundation for further development. • Subsequently, the context and motivations for Andean migration to the European Union are explored, reviewing historical links as well as the main causes of this phenomenon. • Based on these factors, the fourth section deals with the principal vulnerable spaces in which the conditions conducive to human trafficking are fostered. The main job sectors where exploitive situations identified are examined, as well as the development of European migratory policies and their impact on human trafficking. • The fifth section outlines cases that have been identified and their characteristics, including a brief analysis of possible reasons for the number of cases identified. Finally, it provides comments about the responses from each sector contacted. This initial study aims to demonstrate the difficulty of gaining access to quantitative and qualitative information that would permit the identification of characteristics of persons vulnerable to human trafficking. In addition, it seeks to clarify important aspects of the contexts in which victims of exploitative situations and potential human trafficking cases are found. Thus, this study will serve as a foundation for future research within the European Union that will be able to identify vulnerable spaces and interview victims to learn about more aspects of their actual situations. Details: Peru: Mirada Ciudadana and Capital Humano y Social Alternativo, 2009. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2012 at: http://www.chsalternativo.org/upload/archivos/archivo_300.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: http://www.chsalternativo.org/upload/archivos/archivo_300.pdf Shelf Number: 125537 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Europe, South America) Immigrants Immmigration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Wyler, Liana Sun Title: Trafficking in Persons: International Dimensions and Foreign Policy Issues for Congress Summary: Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, refers to the subjection of men, women, and children to exploitative conditions that can be tantamount to slavery. Reports suggest that human trafficking is a global phenomenon, victimizing millions of people each year and contributing to a multi-billion dollar criminal industry. It is a centuries-old problem that, despite international and U.S. efforts to eliminate it, continues to occur in virtually every country in the world. Human trafficking is also an international and cross-cutting policy problem that bears on a range of major national security, human rights, criminal justice, social, economic, migration, gender, public health, and labor issues. The U.S. government and successive Congresses have long played a leading role in international efforts to combat human trafficking. Key U.S. foreign policy responses include the following: • Foreign Country Reporting to describe annual progress made by foreign governments to combat human trafficking, child soldiers, and forced labor. • Foreign Product Blacklisting to identify goods made with convict, forced, or indentured labor, including forced or indentured child labor. • Foreign Aid to support foreign countries’ efforts to combat human trafficking. • Foreign Aid Restrictions to punish countries that are willfully noncompliant with anti-trafficking standards. • Conditions on Trade Preference Program Beneficiaries to offer certain countries export privileges to the United States, only if they also adhere to international standards against forced labor and child trafficking. • Preventing U.S. Government Participation in Trafficking Overseas to punish and deter trafficking-related violations among U.S. government personnel and contractors. Although there is widespread support among policy makers for the continuation of U.S. antitrafficking goals, ongoing reports of such trafficking worldwide raise questions regarding whether sufficient progress has been made to deter and ultimately eliminate the problem, the end goal of current U.S. anti-trafficking policies. This report explores current foreign policy issues confronting U.S. efforts to combat human trafficking, the interrelationship among existing polices, and the historical and current role of Congress in such efforts. The 112th Congress has introduced and taken action on several bills related to human trafficking, including bills to reauthorize the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), the cornerstone legislative vehicle for current U.S. policy to combat human trafficking, beyond FY2011 (S. 1301, H.R. 2830, and H.R. 3589). Given recent challenges in balancing budget priorities, the 112th Congress may choose to consider certain aspects of this issue further, including the effectiveness of international anti-trafficking projects, interagency coordination mechanisms, and the monitoring and enforcement of anti-trafficking regulations, particularly as they relate to the activities of U.S. government contractors and subcontractors operating overseas. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report R42497: Accessed July 11, 2012 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42497.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42497.pdf Shelf Number: 125541 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Waltman, Max Title: The Ideological Obstacle: Charging Pornographers for Sexual Exploitation Summary: Prostitution is a social practice where money is paid for sex. Social science research and other evidence suggest that the sex in pornography is generally supplied by persons who share similar unequal, exploitative, and coercive life circumstances as those who are prostituted generally share. Given that these conditions are similar, there appears to be little reason why the pornography industry should not be subjected to the same legal scrutiny as prostitution per se, as it could have extremely important implications for the population who are exploited in the sex industry. Thus, this paper inquires into the legal, political, and ideological obstacles to address the harmful exploitation of persons in the pornography industry by applying prostitution laws against pimps and other third parties to its production, finding that the obstacles to application are not legal but ideological and political. The paper takes a political science approach to constitutional issues, laws, legislative and judicial politics, drawing from political theory by authors such as Kimberle Crenshaw (intersectionality), Iris Marion Young (groups and inequality), Jane Mansbridge (representation), Ian Shapiro (constitutional politics), Laurel Weldon and Mala Htun (social movements and inequality). Sweden is selected as a case study, having been the first jurisdiction (1999) in the world that identified prostitution as a form of sex inequality related to gender-based violence, with pimps and johns as central in the cycle of exploitation and abuse - a legal approach more consistent with empirical evidence than conventional approaches viewing prostitution per se as either a moral crime of indecency, or a non-exploitative and tolerable work. Some comparative discussions are entertained throughout, with references to Canada, the United States, and international law. Details: Stockholm: Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, 2012. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Conference, Chicago IL, April 11-15, 2012 : Accessed July 13, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2050290 Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2050290 Shelf Number: 125614 Keywords: Pornography Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Against Women

Author: Zimic, Simona Zavratnik Title: Where in the Puzzle : Trafficking from, to and through Slovenia : Assesment Study Summary: Slovenia is mostly a transit country for victims of trafficking but is becoming more frequently a destination country, and in some cases also a country of origin. The aim of this research is to reflect a real picture of the scope of trafficking in Slovenia, to identify gaps in knowledge and counter-trafficking activities, and to establish how these gaps should be filled. Details: Ljubljana : International Organization for Migration, 2003. 90p. Source: Year: 2003 Country: Slovenia URL: Shelf Number: 105816 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Slovenia) Organized Crimes Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Labour Organization Title: ILO Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Results and Methodology Summary: Using a new and improved statistical methodology, the ILO estimates that 20.9 million people are victims of forced labour globally, trapped in jobs into which they were coerced or deceived and which they cannot leave. This figure, like the previous one in 2005, represents a conservative estimate, given the strict methodology employed to measure this largely hidden crime. Human trafficking can also be regarded as forced labour, and so this estimate captures the full realm of human trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation or what some call “modern-day slavery”1. The figure means that around three out of every 1,000 persons worldwide are in forced labour at any given point in time. Women and girls represent the greater share of the total – 11.4 million (55%), as compared to 9.5 million (45%) men and boys. Adults are more affected than children – 74% (15.4 million) of victims fall in the age group of 18 years and above, whereas children aged 17 years and below represent 26% of the total (or 5.5 million child victims). Of the total number of 20.9 million forced labourers, 18.7 million (90%) are exploited in the private economy, by individuals or enterprises. Out of these, 4.5 million (22%) are victims of forced sexual exploitation, and 14.2 million (68%) are victims of forced labour exploitation in economic activities, such as agriculture, construction, domestic work or manufacturing. The remaining 2.2 million (10%) are in state-imposed forms of forced labour, for example in prisons, or in work imposed by the state military or by rebel armed forces. Turning to the regional distribution, the Asia-Pacific region (AP) accounts for by far the largest number of forced labourers – 11.7 million or 56% of the global total. The second highest number is found in Africa (AFR) at 3.7 million (18%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (LA) with 1.8 million victims (9%). The Developed Economies and European Union (DE&EU) account for 1.5 million (7%) forced labourers, whilst countries of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe (non EU) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CSEE) have 1.6 million (7%). There are an estimated 600,000 (3%) victims in the Middle East (ME)2. The prevalence rate (number of victims per thousand inhabitants) is highest in the CSEE and Africa regions at 4.2 and 4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants respectively, and lowest in the DE&EU at 1.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. The relatively high prevalence in Central and South Eastern Europe and CIS can be explained by the fact that the population is much lower than for example in Asia, while reports of trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation and of state-imposed forced labour in the region are numerous. The estimates also allow an assessment of how many people end up being trapped in forced labour following migration. There are 9.1 million victims (44% of the total) who have moved either internally or internationally, while the majority, 11.8 million (56%), are subjected to forced labour in their place of origin or residence. Cross-border movement is strongly associated with forced sexual exploitation. By contrast, a majority of forced labourers in economic activities, and almost all those in state-imposed forced labour, have not moved away from their home areas. These figures indicate that movement can be an important vulnerability factor for certain groups of workers, but not for others. Details: Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 30, 2012 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf Shelf Number: 125811 Keywords: Forced Labor (International) Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Farrell, Amy Title: Identifying Challenges to Improve the Investigation and Prosecution of State and Local Human Trafficking Cases Summary: Over the past two decades, the American public has become increasingly concerned about the problem of human trafficking. In response, federal and state legislatures have passed laws to promote the identification of and assistance to victims, and to support the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking perpetrators. In 2000, the federal government passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA). This law defined a new set of crimes related to human trafficking and enhanced penalties for existing offenses, such as slavery, peonage, and involuntary servitude. Since passage of the TVPA, 49 states have enacted legislation criminalizing human trafficking. Despite the attention and resources directed at combating this crime, reports indicate that fewer cases of human trafficking have been identified and prosecuted than would be expected based on estimates of the problem, causing speculation that the provisions of federal and state anti-human trafficking laws are not being enforced by government officials and that law enforcement agencies are not working together to confront the problem. Still others suggest that the incidence of human trafficking is grossly overestimated. Previous research has documented the challenges that state and local law enforcement faces in identifying human trafficking cases, but we do not yet know which practices would improve the ability of local agencies to identify, investigate, and successfully prosecute human trafficking cases. This study seeks to fill these gaps. Using a multi-method approach to examining the way local and state police, prosecutors, and courts investigate and prosecute human trafficking cases, we discuss challenges to the identification and investigation of these difficult cases, and propose strategies for overcoming the barriers to investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases in the U.S. Details: Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2012. 322p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 31, 2012 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412593-State-and-Local-Human-Trafficking-Cases.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412593-State-and-Local-Human-Trafficking-Cases.pdf Shelf Number: 125820 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prosecution, Human Traffickers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Pearce, J.J. Title: Youth Gangs, Sexual Violence and Sexual Exploitation. A Scoping Exercise for The Office of the Children’s Commissioner for England Summary: This report outlines the findings of a scoping exercise on Youth Gangs, Sexual Violence and Sexual Exploitation undertaken for the Children's Commissioner for England. The data collected for this scoping exercise is derived from two main sources: o A literature review using key words/phrases including: gangs; young people; sexual violence; sexual violence against girls and young women; sexual violence against boys and young men; sexual exploitation in gang-affected neighbourhoods. It has accessed scholarly literature, central and local government reports and policy documents (e.g. Manchester City Council Child Protection Scrutiny Committee report, West Yorkshire Police Authority Gang Culture Scoping Exercise report) the publications of relevant think tanks (e.g. Centre for Social Justice), pressure groups (e.g. Race on the Agenda) and children's charities (e.g. NSPCC, Barnardo‟s, St Michael‟s Fellowship, The Children‟s Society). The remit of the review includes literature published before the end of January 2011; Appendix one includes brief reference to a number of key documents published after this point. o Interviews with lay and professional „key informants‟ with experience of living and working in gang-affected neighbourhoods and of working with sexual violence (including sexual exploitation) directed against children and young people. Details: Bedford, UK: University of Bedfordshire, Institute for Applied Social Research; London: Children's Commissioner for England, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/127371/OCC_Uni-of-Beds-Literature-Review_FINAL.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/127371/OCC_Uni-of-Beds-Literature-Review_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 125957 Keywords: Gangs (U.K.) Sexual Assault Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Youth Gangs

Author: Hoogland, Michelle Title: Gangs, Girls and Sexual Exploitation in British Columbia: Community Consultation Paper Summary: In late 2009, the Abbotsford Youth Commission was contacted by Victim Services and Crime Prevention, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General (MPSSG) to undertake a literature review and community consultation to explore why and how girls become involved in gangs in British Columbia, what their roles are, and the potential links to sexual exploitation. This paper consists of six main sections: an overview of the scope, key terms and methodology used in developing the paper; background and context out of which this discussion paper was initiated; a thematic analysis of key linkages between girls, gangs and sexual exploitation found in both the literature and community consultations; prevention and intervention models from both the literature and community consultations; a brief discussion of gaps in the current information available on this subject and possible next steps; and a conclusion. The major findings of this review are that little research is available on the involvement of girls in gangs in British Columbia, and the link between gang involvement and sexual exploitation. However, existing research on sexual exploitation and youth gangs indicate that the risk factors for girls’ involvement in the two are similar. While much is known about the heightened risks facing Aboriginal youth, less is known about the situation for other cultural and ethnic groups of youth in British Columbia. A continuum of support services should be developed with sensitivity to the links between both issues using culturally-relevant, gender-specific and relationship-based approaches. Additionally, more research is needed in order to fully understand the scope and nature of this issue in the lives of girls in British Columbia. Details: Abbotsford, BC: Abbotsford Youth Commission, 2010. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/crimeprevention/publications/docs/gang-prevention-girls-sexual-exploitation.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/crimeprevention/publications/docs/gang-prevention-girls-sexual-exploitation.pdf Shelf Number: 125975 Keywords: Female Gang Members Sexual Exploitation Youth Gangs (Canada)

Author: Braunmiller, Julia Title: The Protection Project Review of the Trafficking in Persons Report Summary: On June 19, 2012, the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons released the 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report). The TIP Report is comprehensive, well drafted, and thoroughly documented. In my opinion, the Report constitutes the primary reference and main source of information on efforts made by governments worldwide to combat trafficking in persons. The purpose of this review is to analyze the valuable information provided in the TIP Report. The Report is not only a diplomatic tool designed to engage governments in the battle against trafficking; it also serves an educational function, which has been the inspiration for this research. Details: Washington, DC: The Protection Project, The Johns Hopkins University, The Paul H. Nitze School Of Advanced International Studies, 2012. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed August 13, 2012 at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TIP-Review-2012-Final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TIP-Review-2012-Final.pdf Shelf Number: 126004 Keywords: Child Sex Tourism Child Trafficking Debt Bondage Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force Title: Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force: Recommendations to Governor John R. Kasich Summary: Human trafficking – the illegal trade of human beings for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor – is one of the fastest growing criminal enterprises worldwide and is on pace to surpass the drug trade in less than five years. Ohio is not immune to this plague. Each year an estimated 1,078 Ohio children become victims of human trafficking and 3,016 more are at-risk. Governor John Kasich is committed to addressing this problem and on March 29th, 2012, he signed an executive order forming The Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force. This report is the result of the work of said task force. The recommendations in this report are designed to work in conjunction with Ohio’s recently passed legislation – H.B. 262 The Ohio Human Trafficking Act of 2012– which uses a threepronged approach to address the problem of human trafficking. H.B. 262 raised the penalty for committing the crime of human trafficking to a first-degree felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of 10-15 years. This penalty matches the federal statute and allows Ohio to effectively prosecute pimps and traffickers. The law created a diversion program whereby juvenile victims of human trafficking will receive the protection and treatment they need through the juvenile justice system. The law allows for adult victims of human trafficking with prior convictions of prostitution or solicitation to have their records expunged. The task force was formed to marshal the resources of the state of Ohio to coordinate efforts to identify and rescue victims, to create a coordinated law enforcement system to investigate these crimes, and to provide the services and treatment necessary for victims to regain control of their lives. Eleven state agencies are members of the task force and have worked to identify service gaps and make recommendations for filling those gaps. The task force seeks to complement the work already being done to fight human trafficking around Ohio, and benefits from the expertise of members of Attorney General Mike DeWine’s Human Trafficking Commission in the creation of this report. The first and most significant gap is the public knowledge of human trafficking is low. As data on the prevalence of human trafficking is fairly new, this lack of awareness mirrors the larger national situation. Human trafficking has been a viable policy issue on the federal level for the past 10 years, however much of that data is focused on the international human trafficking trade. Research on the U.S. domestic human trafficking trade is in its earliest stages. Ohio is fortunate to have several universities working to fully understand the pervasiveness of human trafficking within Ohio’s borders, but more analysis can be done. The task force recommends a public awareness campaign be launched and state employees receive training on human trafficking. Extensive training is recommended for employees who have a regulatory or investigatory role or who are in positions that come into contact with victims. Services provided to victims are not specific to immediate needs or to long-term recovery. Violence, repeated rapes, threats, and other tactics used to “condition” a child to total reliance on the trafficker leave a victim of this cruel crime with many scars. A victim may receive treatment for a myriad of symptoms (drug addiction, health, and mental health related issues) before the core trauma is addressed. The task force recommends a victim-centered, trauma-informed approach to treatment that is both more effective and a better use of state resources. The task force includes several recommendations for this gap, including special training for foster parents and child welfare workers, protocol for the treatment of human trafficking victims, youth prevention services and identifying a statewide Ohio service provider network that would be an intensive case management partner for serving minor victims of human trafficking. It should be noted that Medicaid eligibility and housing are two obstacles to providing effective treatment to human trafficking victims. The state will hire a human trafficking coordinator who will be responsible for implementing the enclosed recommendations and pursuing creative solutions to the remaining obstacles. To accomplish this goal, the human trafficking project manager will build on existing interagency, coalition, and local provider relationships. The recommendations do not require additional revenue funding and instead focus on leveraging the resources the state already has and aggressively pursuing federal grant opportunities. We believe the enclosed recommendations are a comprehensive look at what state agencies can do to reach this population and prevent Ohio’s young people from being trafficked. The Task Force will remain in place to help implement the recommendations made here and to continue to find new ways to further our mandate. Details: Columbus, OH: Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force, 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2012 at: http://www.governor.ohio.gov/Portals/0/pdf/news/OhioHumanTraffickingTaskForceReport.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.governor.ohio.gov/Portals/0/pdf/news/OhioHumanTraffickingTaskForceReport.pdf Shelf Number: 126005 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ohio) Sexual Exploitation

Author: The Protection Project Title: Reporting on the Status of Trafficking in Women in Accordance with Article 6 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: Guidelines on the Interpretation of the Text of Article 6 of the Convention Summary: Article 6 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) reads as follows: "States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women." Article 6 lays the foundation for combating trafficking in women and exploitation of women for the purpose of prostitution and calls upon state parties to adopt all necessary measures to prevent the acts of trafficking and exploitation of prostitution of women. Consequently, state parties to the Convention, when reporting on Article 6 should cover the status of trafficking in women as well as exploitation of women in prostitution. In doing so, they must refer to all appropriate measures that they have taken including legislative measures. This publication includes a list of guidelines on interpreting the text of and reporting on Article 6 of the Convention. Details: Washington, DC: The Protection Project at Johns Hopkins University, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2012 at http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Guidelines-Art-6-CEDAW_Final1.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Guidelines-Art-6-CEDAW_Final1.pdf Shelf Number: 126014 Keywords: Discrimination Female Victims Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Korsby, Trine Mygind Title: Maneuvering Towards Subjectivity: An Anthropological Analysis of Young Victims of Human Trafficking in Italy Summary: This thesis investigates how Ramona and other young women who are victims of human trafficking in Italy experience their lives and personal histories after having fled from their traffickers. Human trafficking is a growing international concern, both within an international forum and in Denmark. A number of governments, NGOs and international organizations create policy plans, information campaigns and make law suggestions, which should contribute to combating human trafficking. Politicians make statements about how human traffickers should be prosecuted and how to best help the victims. Human trafficking has been given a central position on national and global agendas; however, we only rarely hear the victims’ voices or get an insight into their lives – and this is why I have chosen to do fieldwork among young victims of human trafficking and to write this thesis. I hope to offer an ethnographic view into the world and conditions of young trafficking victims; a world that is in the eye of the storm within the debate on human trafficking, but into which outsiders are only very rarely granted an in-depth insight. This thesis is an ethnographic account of the actions, social relations, perceptions and histories of sixteen young victims of human trafficking. At the same time, the thesis is also a testimony of trust, freedom and hope. Details: Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, 2010. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: Master's Thesis: Accessed August 17, 2012 at: http://www.centermodmenneskehandel.dk/publikationer/ovrige-publikationer/maneuvering-towards-subjectivity-an-anthropological-analysis-of-young-victims-of-human-trafficking-in-italy-1 Year: 2010 Country: Italy URL: http://www.centermodmenneskehandel.dk/publikationer/ovrige-publikationer/maneuvering-towards-subjectivity-an-anthropological-analysis-of-young-victims-of-human-trafficking-in-italy-1 Shelf Number: 126064 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Italy) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gardner, Julie Title: Minnesota Girls Are Not For Sale Summary: It is fair to say the problem of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking (DMST) is among the greatest travesties known in our world today. The issue is deplorable, and the haunting effects on its victims are an appalling injustice. The scale on which this trafficking is taking place reflects the magnitude of the problem, and our global society risks being judged in history as having fundamentally failed our most vulnerable members without broad efforts to fight it. Although a subject rife with research possibilities and probable solutions, sex-trafficking is currently poorly defined, differentially and intermittently quantified, and often challenged by obsolete legal codes and a sexist prostitution enforcement paradigm. In response, government agencies, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, faith-based organizations, and the private sector are reallocating and mobilizing some of their resources to combat this ancient scourge made modern. The vast majority of anti-human trafficking money is being offered to organizations involved in rescue and rehabilitation work. While this is commendable, it also potentially puts the cart before the horse. The funding for research, data collection and analysis is rare in comparison and it remains very hard to find either short-term or longitudinal studies. Governments and organizations are currently being forced to make important policy decisions based on very few substantial analyses of the problem. There are considerable gaps in our knowledge, which in turn means that policy is being developed in the absence of strong data. A review of the literature on human sex-trafficking, state by state, region by region, and topic by topic, is the critical first step to understanding the scope of the problem. This review is also essential to finding the gaps in the knowledge base so that coordinated efforts can be directed to those areas. Without research and attendant analyses, policymakers potentially make decisions in the dark, thereby wasting precious and limited resources. With the aforementioned in mind, this project investigates the literature, law, funding mechanisms, and program services available relating to the trafficking of girls for sexual exploitation within the United States, and where possible Minnesota. Attention is also paid to the media and its coverage of the issue. The intent is to explore the extent and complexity of the problem, the cost in both human and economic terms, and research directions toward the development and implementation of probable political, legal, economic, and social solutions applicable to Minnesota. Recommendations include continued state statute monitoring with an eye toward modification, police training and paradigm change as well as an increased and broadened victims’ services framework. Details: Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, 2011. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: MPA and MPP Professional Paper: Accessed September 13, 2012 at: http://law-library.rutgers.edu/cj/gray/search.php Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://law-library.rutgers.edu/cj/gray/search.php Shelf Number: 126331 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking (Minnesota) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Farley, Melissa Title: Garden of Truth: The Prostitution and Trafficking of Native Women in Minnesota Summary: Since Native women are at exceptionally high risk for poverty, homelessness, and sexual violence which are elements in the trafficking of women, and because the needs of Native women are generally not being met, and because prostituted women are at extremely high risk for violence and emotional trauma, our goal was to assess the life circumstances of Native women in prostitution in Minnesota, a group of women not previously studied in research such as this. We assessed their needs and the extent to which those needs are or are not being met. We interviewed 105 Native women in prostitution for approximately 1.5 hours each, administering 4 questionnaires that asked about family history, sexual and physical violence throughout their lifetimes, homelessness, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation, use of available services such as domestic violence shelters, homeless shelters, rape crisis centers, and substance abuse treatment. We asked the women about the extent to which they connected with their cultures, and if that helped them or not. We asked about racism and colonialism. The questionnaires were both quantitative and qualitative. About half of the women met a conservative legal definition of sex trafficking which involves third-party control over the prostituting person by pimps or traffickers. Yet most (86%) interviewees felt that no women really know what they're getting into when they begin prostituting, and that there is deception and trickery involved. • 79% of the women we interviewed had been sexually abused as children by an average of 4 perpetrators. • More than two-thirds of the 105 women had family members who had attended boarding schools. • 92% had been raped. • 48% had been used by more than 200 sex buyers during their lifetimes. 16% had been used by at least 900 sex buyers. • 84% had been physically assaulted in prostitution. • 72% suffered traumatic brain injuries in prostitution • 98% were currently or previously homeless. • Racism was an emotionally damaging element in these women's lives and a source of ongoing stress. • 62% saw a connection between prostitution and colonization, and explained that the devaluation of women in prostitution was identical to the colonizing devaluation of Native people. • 33% spoke of Native cultural or spiritual practices as an important part of who they were. • 52% had PTSD at the time of the interview, a rate that is in the range of PTSD among combat veterans. 71% had symptoms of dissociation. • 80% had used outpatient substance abuse services. Many felt that they would have been helped even more by inpatient treatment. 77% had used homeless shelters. 65% had used domestic violence services. 33% had used sexual assault services. • 92% wanted to escape prostitution • Their most frequently stated needs were for individual counseling (75%) and peer support (73%), reflecting a need for their unique experiences as Native women in prostitution to be heard and seen by people who care about them. Two thirds needed housing and vocational counseling. • Many of the women felt they owed their survival to Native cultural practices. Most wanted access to Native healing approaches integrated with a range of mainstream services. Prostitution is a sexually exploitive, often violent economic option most often entered into by those with a lengthy history of sexual, racial and economic victimization. Prostitution is only now beginning to be understood as violence against women and children. It has rarely been included in discussions of sexual violence against Native women. It is crucial to understand the sexual exploitation of Native women in prostitution today in its historical context of colonial violence against nations. In order for a woman to have the real choice to exit prostitution, a range of services must be offered yet there are currently few or no available services especially designed for Native women in prostitution. We recommend increased state and federal funding for transitional and long term housing for Native women and others seeking to escape prostitution. We recommend increased funding for Native women's programs, including advocacy, physical and mental health care, job training and placement, legal services, and research on these topics. We urge state, local, and tribal officials to review and reconsider their policies toward victims of prostitution and We recommend increased state and federal funding for transitional and long term housing for Native women and others seeking to escape prostitution. We recommend increased funding for Native women's programs, including advocacy, physical and mental health care, job training and placement, legal services, and research on these topics. We urge state, local, and tribal officials to review and reconsider their policies toward victims of prostitution and trafficking, including this new research about Native women. The arrest and prosecution of victims is counter-productive and exacerbates their problems. As a Native woman interviewed for this research study said, "We need people with hearts." Arresting sex buyers, not their victims, is a more appropriate policy. Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Indian Women's Sexual Assault Coalition; San Francisco, CA: Prostitution Research & Education, 2011. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2012 at: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Garden_of_Truth_Final_Project_WEB.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Garden_of_Truth_Final_Project_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 126355 Keywords: Human Trafficking Native American Women (Minnesota) Prostitution Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Violence Against Women

Author: Council of Europe. Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom. First evaluation round Summary: The Council of Europe’s Greta (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings) says reports suggest a “significant” number of trafficked children in local authority care go missing and some end up rejoining those who exploited them in the first place. As far as the prevention of THB is concerned, GRETA welcomes the awareness-raising measures already taken and stresses the importance of having their impact assessed in order to better target future actions. More should be done to raise awareness about internal trafficking and the risks of British nationals trafficked abroad, with a special emphasis on trafficking in children. As regards child victims of trafficking, GRETA is concerned by reports according to which a significant number of unaccompanied children who are placed in local authority care go missing. GRETA urges the British authorities to take further steps to improve the identification of child victims of trafficking, and to ensure that all unaccompanied minors who are potential victims of trafficking are assigned a legal guardian and are provided with suitable safe accommodation and adequately trained supervisors or foster parents. GRETA stresses the importance of partnerships for combating THB at the national and international level. In this context, GRETA considers that the British authorities should continue improving the co-ordination, co-operation and partnerships among governmental departments, law enforcement agencies, NGOs and other parts of civil society in the UK. Details: Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, 2012. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Spetember 26, 2012 at: http://tdh-childprotection.org/documents/report-concerning-the-implementation-of-the-council-of-europe-convention-on-action-against-trafficking-in-human-beings-by-the-united-kingdom Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://tdh-childprotection.org/documents/report-concerning-the-implementation-of-the-council-of-europe-convention-on-action-against-trafficking-in-human-beings-by-the-united-kingdom Shelf Number: 126459 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Myers, Adam Title: The Objectification of Women as a Facilitator of Sex Trafficking Demand Summary: Human trafficking represents one of the great social ills and avenues of international crime in our day. One facet of human trafficking, which involves the trafficking of women and girls into sex work industries, is perpetuated by demand within receiving states. Within developed states, this demand can be identified as being fostered by a culture of objectification of women, wherein women's bodies and sexual capability are seen as commodities. This objectified culture has been created and nurtured by cultural influences that vary in legality and general acceptance but are all pervasive practices, such as the presence of pornography, and depictions of women in general media sources such music, film, and advertising. The cultural sources of the objectification women must be seriously addressed in order to combat trafficking demand within developed receiving states. Details: Unpublished Paper, 2011. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://adamhmyers.com/Objectification-human%20trafficking.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://adamhmyers.com/Objectification-human%20trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 126492 Keywords: Human Trafficking Mass Media Pornography Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Smith, S. Mar Title: Human Trafficking in Illicit Massage Facilities: Analysis and Recommendations Summary: This research paper analyzes interventions and offers recommendations that will increase the effectiveness of anti-trafficking efforts. We are targeting illicit massage for three reasons: 1. Increase in number of victims. Criminals are trafficking victims from Asia (primarily China, Thailand, and S. Korea) into the U.S. for labor and sexual exploitation and hiding them under the name “massage,” “foot massage,” and “reflexology.” Indicators suggest that illicit massage is increasing in our state, which implies that the victims of trafficking are increasing in number. 2. Inability of Victims to Self-Identify. The cultural context and controlling practices of traffickers in illicit massage facilities impose serious limitations upon the ability of victims to self-identify as trafficking victims. This reality substantially reduces the likelihood that current intervention efforts will result in the freedom of victims enslaved in this industry. 3. Flourishing of Illicit Facilities Despite Raids. Interviews and consultations with key stakeholders have identified significant frustration by investigators and law enforcement regarding the ability of illicit massage businesses to continue to thrive despite costly investigations and prosecutions. Even if law enforcement or DOH investigators successfully complete a raid and shut one business down, another business front for criminal activity will often replace it in the same location within weeks or months. Law enforcement has encountered a similar problem in the war on drug trafficking: capture one criminal and a second criminal quickly arises to replace him. This rapid replacement is being driven by the profitability of human trafficking in illicit massage facilities. For this reason, we propose preventative interventions that negatively impact the core business structure and profitability of illicit massage in our state. These interventions are more effective at prevention and less costly for our government than the costs incurred from law enforcement investigations, busts, prosecutions, and imprisonments of criminals. Through proactive, preventative, and proven interventions, we can make our state more uninhabitable and unprofitable for businesses that are a front for illicit massage, trafficking, and prostitution. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington Engage, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://waengage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Massage-White-Paper.FinalR11.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://waengage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Massage-White-Paper.FinalR11.pdf Shelf Number: 126494 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Washington State, U.S. Massage Parlors Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ditmore, Melissa Title: The Road North The Role of Gender, Poverty and Violence in Trafficking from Mexico to the US Summary: The Road North was undertaken when service providers in Mexico sought information about people trafficked to the United States via Mexico in order to inform their practice, and support their work to prevent human trafficking. The context of migration between the US and Mexico is influenced by economic disparities, economic and migration policies, labor opportunities and gender roles in both countries. Human trafficking also occurs within Mexico. The US response to human trafficking, which emphasizes law enforcement, is described, alongside the challenges presented. These topics are discussed throughout the full report to promote greater understanding of the data and its interpretation. The Road North highlights the experiences of 37 individuals who were trafficked from Mexico to the United States, eventually arriving in the New York City area. Of the 36 women, including 2 transgender women, and 1 man in this report, all but one had experienced some form of sexual harassment or were trafficked into the sex industry. Many were also forced or coerced into other labor or economic activities, including theft. Data was collected from 37 signed affidavits and 6 interviews. The affidavits were written between 2005 and 2011. Interviews were conducted in January and February 2012. 25 affidavits were collected from the Sex Workers Project (SWP) at the Urban Justice Center and 12 were collected from the Anti-Trafficking Program at Safe Horizon, both based in New York City. The interviews were conducted with clients and former clients of SWP whose affidavits were also being used for this report. Details: New York: Sex Workers Project, Urban Justice Center, 2012. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/2012/swp-2012-the-road-north-en.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/2012/swp-2012-the-road-north-en.pdf Shelf Number: 126501 Keywords: Human Trafficking (U.S., Mexico) Poverty Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ditmore, Melissa Title: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons Summary: Trafficking in persons refers to the transportation and compulsion of an individual into any form of labor through use of force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion, or debt bondage. In 2000, the US passed legislation recognizing “serious forms of trafficking” as “recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion” in all forms of labor, including, but not limited to, sex work, bringing domestic legislation in line with international standards governing trafficking in persons. (Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 2000; United Nations Optional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, EspeciallyWomen and Children, 2000) Enforcement of federal anti-trafficking legislation has taken place in large part through anti-trafficking raids, conducted by federal law enforcement agents, and vice raids targeting prostitution conducted by local law enforcement agencies. Notwithstanding the broader reach of the current legislative definition of trafficking, US law enforcement agencies have been criticized for continuing to focus on trafficking into sex work to the exclusion of other widespread forms of trafficking. (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 2007: 239-241; Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children 2007) Indeed, the word “trafficking” primarily evokes images of women and children forced into sexual servitude in the popular imagination and, prior to 2000, anti-trafficking legislation focused exclusively on prostitution, based on the presumption that no woman would ever exchange sex for material gain without extreme coercion. In reality, trafficking occurs in a far broader range of sectors and types of work, including domestic work, agricultural labor, manufacturing and the service industries, and affects men as well as women and children. This report summarizes the findings of a human rights documentation project conducted by the Sex Workers Project in 2007 and 2008 to explore the impacts and effectiveness of current anti-trafficking approaches in the US from a variety of perspectives. It is among the first efforts since the passage of the TVPA to give voice to the perspectives of trafficked persons and sex workers who have experienced anti-trafficking raids. A total of 46 people were interviewed for this report, including immigrant sex workers and trafficked persons who have experienced raids or otherwise had contact with law enforcement, along with service providers, attorneys, and law enforcement personnel. The data collected from this small to medium-sized sample is extremely rich, and suggests that vice raids conducted by local law enforcement agencies are an ineffective means of locating and identifying trafficked persons. Our research also reveals that vice raids and federal anti-trafficking raids are all too frequently accompanied by violations of the human rights of trafficked persons and sex workers alike, and can therefore be counterproductive to the underlying goals of anti-trafficking initiatives. Our findings suggest that a rights-based and “victim-centered” approach to trafficking in persons requires the development and promotion of alternate methods of identifying and protecting the rights of trafficked persons which prioritize the needs, agency, and self-determination of trafficking survivors.They also indicate that preventative approaches, which address the circumstances that facilitate trafficking in persons, should be pursued over law enforcement based responses. Details: New York: Urban Justice Center, Sex Workers Project, 2009. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Shelf Number: 126659 Keywords: Anti-Trafficking Raids Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Independent Police Complaints Commission Title: The Abuse of Police Powers to Perpetrate Sexual Violence Summary: The legal powers given to members of the police service, such as arrest and detention, provide status and influence as well as allowing coercive actions. The public expects police officers and staff to protect them; that is their role. Allegations that they have failed to protect, or indeed have abused, someone who is in a vulnerable position are therefore particularly serious. There are many ways in which such abuse might occur. This report, and the work that has informed it, was prompted by recognition of the fact that a number of cases involving sexual exploitation by police officers and staff who have abused the powers given to them are investigated every year. There was a need to examine how they might be prevented in future. One such recent case resulted in PC Stephen Mitchell of Northumbria police being convicted of five sexual offences and six counts of misconduct in public office. He received two life sentences. While this case was unusual in its seriousness it was by no means an isolated one. No one would wish to believe that this behaviour exists, in a service which seeks to help and protect, or where it is found can be attributed to no more than ‘one bad apple’. We do not know precisely how many people have been victims of police officers or staff abusing their powers; we are only aware of the individuals who have had the confidence to come forward. There is no evidence to suggest it is commonplace. However, the police service does have a responsibility to recognise it as a distinct area of corruption, and take steps to reduce its occurrence, identify as soon as possible if it occurs, and effectively deal with such cases. This report has been produced to raise the profile of cases involving the abuse of powers by police officers and staff to perpetrate sexual abuse or violence. Supported by a number of case study examples, the report includes a checklist of questions for the police service about the prevention, prediction, and investigation of this conduct. Details: London: Independent Police Complaints Commission, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2012 at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/reports/2012/201209AbPPtPSV.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/reports/2012/201209AbPPtPSV.pdf Shelf Number: 126672 Keywords: Police Misconduct (U.K.) Sex Offenses Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Great Britain. Inter-Department Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Title: First Annual Report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Summary: This report sets out an assessment of human trafficking in the UK by the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking (IDMG), recognising that human trafficking is an international crime that touches people and communities all over the world. The IDMG comprises representatives from the UK Government, the Scottish Government, the Northern Ireland Executive and the Welsh Government. All IDMG members have agreed the content of this report. Fuelled primarily by those who seek to make a profit from the misery of others, human trafficking is the vilest of crimes and equates to modern day slavery. Men, women and children from across the world are exploited and forced into performing services or other work against their will. In some instances the exploitation can be experienced over a prolonged period of time. Those who are exploited may face years of sexual abuse, forced labour, or domestic servitude and, in many instances never fully recover from their traumatic experience. A range of socio-economic factors (including poverty, poor education, and poor employment opportunities) mean that some individuals are more susceptible and vulnerable to exploitation. The ease of international travel allows more and more people to move and settle elsewhere: from villages and towns to cities; from one city or region to another; or across international boundaries; either through necessity or for want of a better life. This increased mobility can be positive both economically and socially but it can also open up greater opportunities for vulnerable people to be exploited. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon and the nature of the crime is such that no one country or agency acting on its own can tackle it effectively. The key to eradicating trafficking is partnership working – at a local, national and international level. The desire of organised criminals to make a profit means that they are constantly changing and evolving their modus operandi to maximise the exploitation of others and to evade law enforcement. The UK must remain alive to this and adapt its response accordingly. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that the profits of traffickers world wide are in excess of 32 billion US$ each year. Anti-trafficking actions must therefore seek to recover victims, reduce the profits of traffickers, and increase their risk of capture, prosecution and conviction. Details: London: Stationery Office, 2012. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Cm 8421: Accessed November 2, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-report?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-report?view=Binary Shelf Number: 126815 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lobasz, Jennifer Kathleen Title: Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous: Constructing the Problems of “Human Trafficking” Summary: Over the past two decades, human trafficking has come to be seen as a growing threat, and transnational advocacy networks opposed to human trafficking have succeeded in establishing trafficking as a pressing political problem. The meaning of human trafficking, however, remains an object of significant—and heated—contestation among transnational actors with opposing perspectives on prostitution, the appropriate balance between law enforcement and human rights protection, and migration. The outcomes of disputes over meaning are highly significant. Anti-trafficking discourses establish regimes of knowledge that set boundaries for how scholars, activists, legislators, and citizens conceive of human trafficking—they establish what trafficking is and who counts as trafficked, and create narratives that explain how trafficking has become a problem and what should be done to fix it. In this dissertation I conduct a genealogical discourse analysis of anti-trafficking advocacy, policy, and scholarship in the United States from the late 1970s to 2000, looking in particular at feminist and religious abolitionist advocacy networks, and the role they play in the creation of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. I argue that “human trafficking” is better understood as a contested concept rather than as an objectively given problem. The meaning of trafficking is constructed rather than inherent, and inseparable from the political context through which it is produced. Details: Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2012. 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Shelf Number: 126941 Keywords: Feminism Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Latonero, Mark Title: The Rise of Mobile and the Diffusion of Technology-Facilitated Trafficking Summary: In September 2012, President Obama identified human trafficking as one of the great human rights issues of our time, representing a “debasement of our common humanity that tears at the social fabric of our communities, endangers public health, distorts markets, and fuels violence and organized crime.” The nature and extent of human trafficking in modern society is complex and evolving, however, and our understanding of the phenomenon is fraught with contested terminologies and differing perceptions. Broadly speaking, human trafficking involves the severe sexual and labor exploitation of vulnerable people for financial gain, which amounts to a gross violation of human rights. Children exploited in the sex trade are especially at risk. What role does technology play in the shifting dynamics of human trafficking today? In this report, researchers at the USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy (CCLP) reveal how those involved in human trafficking have been quick to adapt to the 21st-century global landscape. While the rapid diffusion of digital technologies such as mobile phones, social networking sites, and the Internet has provided significant benefits to society, new channels and opportunities for exploitation have also emerged. Increasingly, the business of human trafficking is taking place online and over mobile phones. But the same technologies that are being used for trafficking can become a powerful tool to combat trafficking. The precise role that digital technologies play in human trafficking still remains unclear, however, and a closer examination of the phenomenon is vital to identify and respond to new threats and opportunities. This investigation indicates that mobile devices and networks have risen in prominence and are now of central importance to the sex trafficking of minors in the United States. While online platforms such as online classifieds and social networking sites remain a potential venue for exploitation, this research suggests that technology-facilitated trafficking is more diffuse and adaptive than initially thought. This report presents a review of current literature, trends, and policies; primary research based on mobile phone data collected from online classified sites; a series of firsthand interviews with law enforcement; and key recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders moving forward. While the sex trafficking of minors continues to expand across multiple media platforms, our research indicates that the rise of mobile technology may fundamentally transform the trafficking landscape. No other communication technology in history, including the Internet, has been adopted so rapidly around the world. The World Bank estimates that 75% of the global population has access to a mobile phone. Mobile’s ability to facilitate real-time communication and coordination, unbound by physical location, is also being exploited by traffickers to extend the reach of their illicit activities. Traffickers are able to recruit, advertise, organize, and communicate primarily—or even exclusively—via mobile phone, effectively streamlining their activities and expanding their criminal networks. In short, human traffickers and criminal networks are taking advantage of technology to reach larger audiences and to do illicit business more quickly and efficiently across greater distances. Mobile communication may also represent a breakthrough for interventions by law enforcement and the anti-trafficking community. Data gleaned from cellphones and mobile networks constitute a trail of information and evidence that can be a powerful tool in identifying, tracking, and prosecuting traffickers. Mobile technologies can also be used to reach vulnerable communities and raise public awareness. The rise of mobile has major implications both for the spread of human trafficking and for anti-trafficking efforts, and should be carefully considered by law enforcement, policymakers, and activists as they develop strategies to combat human trafficking in the United States and worldwide. Furthermore, the respect for privacy and civil liberties, and potential unintended consequences of technological interventions on victims and survivors, are crucial considerations in developing mobile-based solutions. This research expands on CCLP’s 2011 report examining the role of online technologies in human trafficking. Key findings of the 2011 report focused on the use of Internet technologies, particularly online classifieds and social media sites, for the sex trafficking of minors in the United States. The USC Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and CCLP collaborated to develop prototype software designed to detect possible cases of sex trafficking of minors online. Our research indicated that tools such as data mining, mapping, computational linguistics, and advanced analytics could be used by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, law enforcement, academia, and the private sector to further anti-trafficking goals of prevention, protection, and prosecution. Details: Los Angeles: University of Southern California, Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Series on Technology and Human Trafficking; Accessed November 23, 2012 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/USC-Annenberg-Technology-and-Human-Trafficking-2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/USC-Annenberg-Technology-and-Human-Trafficking-2012.pdf Shelf Number: 126983 Keywords: Human Trafficking Mobile Technologies Mobile Telephones Online Communications Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Technology and Crime

Author: Malloch, Margaret Title: Care and Support for Adult Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings: A Review Summary: This evidence and practice review was commissioned by the Scottish Government to examine the care and support needs of victims of human trafficking and what works to meet those needs. This review is not an evaluation; rather it provides an overview of the identified care and support needs of victims of different forms of human trafficking exploitation; considers good practice in recent adult victim care by identifying different models of care and support in a range of jurisdictions; and considers the extent to which existing evidence is able to provide an indication of what works to meet the needs of different victims. The review also aims to consider how effectively the needs of different adult victims of trafficking are met in Scotland, on the basis of review of international evidence; and to highlight any existing gaps in services and support provision. While acknowledging the interconnection of other issues such as provision of compensation and repatriation, this review is limited to the provision of crisis and short to mid term care and support services. The review is based on an extensive search of local, national and international documentary data including research reports, evaluations, practice guides, policy documents and website data collection. Until recently, the main sources of information on trafficking came from reports produced by international organisations and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), often reporting on their experiences in practice and focused upon outlining the extent and nature of trafficking. More recently, attention has been given to the support and protection of trafficking victims. However, as this review highlights, there is a distinct lack of evidence-based data which provides a basis from which the most appropriate and/or cost-effective interventions can be determined. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research, 2012. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 26, 2012 at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0040/00404917.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0040/00404917.pdf Shelf Number: 127002 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Scotland) Sexual Exploitation Victim Services Victims of Human Trafficking, Services for

Author: Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: The Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings: Report 2011 Summary: Finland is a transit and destination country for dozens or even hundreds of victims of trafficking every year. The victims can be women, children or men. In Finland, human trafficking manifests itself in at least two ways: prostitution and procuring. The exploitation of foreign workers and immigrants in households and sectors such as the restaurant, construction, cleaning, metal, transport and garden industries as well as in berry-picking jobs can meet the statutory definition of a human trafficking offence. No cases of organ trafficking have been reported in Finland to date. Finnish citizens may also fall victim to human trafficking. In Finland, human trafficking is an offence which carries a severe penalty. Under our national legislation, the following acts are considered human trafficking: • sexual abuse or exploitation akin to a procuring offence; • forced labour or other demeaning circumstances; or • trafficking in human organs for financial gain. This report presents statistics on human trafficking issues recorded at the Office of the Ombudsman for Minorities in 2009 and 2010, divided into customer contacts, requests for information and the Rapporteur’s own initiatives, opinions and publications. Additionally, the statistics show a small group of other matters related to human trafficking. Compared to 2009, the number of customer contacts and requests for information went up considerably. The Office and its personnel published a greater number of articles and other documents in 2010 than it did the year before. The number of media contacts also increased. Details: Helsinki: Vähemmistövaltuutettu, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Publication 8: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Finland URL: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Shelf Number: 127049 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Finland) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lee, Erik: North American Center for Transborder Studies, Arizona State University Title: Binational, Multi-state Survey on Human Trafficking Legislation and Collaboration Summary: In 2010-2011 NACTS conducted a multi-state survey on binational human trafficking legislation, law enforcement agency initiatives, and additional, community-level efforts. Human trafficking is an exploitation‐based crime that is distinct from human smuggling, which involves transporting people who have given their consent to be moved. A growing global awareness of this problem during the 1990s culminated in the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish the Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000. Human trafficking is an exceedingly difficult crime to define, detect, prosecute, prevent and quantify. The precise quantification of and data collection with respect to the human trafficking problem is an additional ongoing global challenge. Trafficking estimates for the U.S. and Mexico vary widely but are generally estimated to be in the tens of thousands annually. The report contains an executive summary and sections on background, current legislation, jurisdictional issues and key conclusions and recommendations. Details: Phoenix, AZ: National American center for Transborder Studies, Arizona State University, 2011. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://nacts.asu.edu/sites/default/files/Draft%20Full%20Report%20-%20English.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://nacts.asu.edu/sites/default/files/Draft%20Full%20Report%20-%20English.pdf Shelf Number: 127092 Keywords: Border Security Human Trafficking (U.S.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Shared Hope International Title: The Protected Innocence Challenge: State Report Cards on the Legal Framework of Protection for the Nation’s Children Summary: Sweeping national legislative advancements proved successful for Louisiana, Florida and Georgia who will join the ranks of Illinois, Missouri, Texas and Washington in leading the nation with laws that provide protection and justice to child victims of domestic minor sex trafficking, according to research released Nov. 29, 2012 by Shared Hope International. Recent findings from the 2012 Protected Innocence Challenge Report, the first comprehensive study on state child sex trafficking laws, show 15 states have raised their grades by enacting legislation that strengthened laws that impact or relate to domestic minor sex trafficking. In addition to the seven leading states listed above that scored a “B” on the 2012 report, nine states earned a “C,” compared to only six in 2011. In 2012, 35 states received grades of “D” or lower, including 18 failing grades— a significant improvement from the 2011 scores with 41 states receiving a grade of “D” or lower and 26 failing states. Every year in the United States, experts estimate at least 100,000 children are exploited in the U.S. commercial sex industry. The average age a child is first exploited through prostitution is 13 years old. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 1. 15 states improved their grades from 2011 2 states went up two grades: AK and MA went from F to C 13 states went up one grade 3 new “B” states: LA, FL, GA 6 new “C” states: AK, IN, MA, OH, OK, WI 6 new “D” states: CO, MD, NE, NV, SC, UT 2. 7 states improved their Protected Innocence Challenge scores by 10+ points MA went up 29.5 pts WV went up 21 pts LA went up 17 pts SC went up 17 pts AK went up 14.5 pts OH went up 12 pts WI went up 10 pts 3. States were scored based on six categories of law. Scores by area of law – states have achieved perfect scores in sections 1 and 6, with “near perfect” scores in the other areas of law: Section 1 (Criminalization of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking): IL and TX have perfect scores (10 points possible) Section 2 (Criminal Provisions Addressing Demand): LA now has a “near perfect” score with 24.5 points (25 points possible) Section 3 (Criminal Provisions for Traffickers): MS, KY, FL and AL have a “near perfect” score with 14.5 points (15 points possible) Section 4 (Criminal Provisions for Facilitators): LA and WA have a “near perfect” score with 9.5 points (10 points possible) Section 5 (Protected Provisions for Child Victims): IL is the closest to a “near perfect” score with 24.5 points (27.5 points possible) Section 6 (Criminal Justice Tools for Investigation and Prosecution): AL, MN, OH and TX have perfect scores (15 points possible) 4. Most Improved = MA 5. Highest Score = LA 6. Worst score = WY GRADES: B (7) – FL, GA, IL, LA, MO, TX, WA C (9) – AK, AZ, IN, MA, MN, OH, OK, TN, WI D (17) – AL, CO, DE, IA, KY, MD, MS, NE, NJ, NV, NY, NC, OR, RI, SC, UT, VT F (18) – AR, CA, CT, DC, HI, ID, KS, ME, MI, MT, NH, NM, ND, PA, SD, VA, WV, WY 2012 Legislative Progress: One year after the release of the 2011 Protected Innocence Challenge:* 240 state and 38 federal bills were introduced that relate to domestic minor sex trafficking. 78 laws were passed that relate to domestic minor sex trafficking. 40 states had legislation introduced that relates to the Protected Innocence Framework. 33 states enacted legislation related to the Protected Innocence Framework. Details: Vancouver, WA: Shared Hope International, 2012. 211p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PIC_ChallengeReport_2011.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PIC_ChallengeReport_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 127095 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (U.S.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking Title: Cambodia: Exodus to the Sex Trade? Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Women's Working Conditions and Opportunities Summary: The objective of this research was to measure increases in human trafficking and exploitation in Cambodia as a result of the financial crisis, specifically, the trafficking of women and girls into the entertainment sector. Retrenched garment factory workers and female members of vulnerable rural families were two key populations of interest. Data was collected in April-May 2009 using a survey in Khmer, administered to 357 women and girls aged 15-49 currently working in Phnom Penh’s entertainment sector, including brothel workers, street workers, karaoke workers, and massage parlor workers. Information was collected on their family background; the conditions of their current work and how they got into it; debts they have incurred along the way, to whom, and for what; indicators of exploitation; and information on their previous job and why they left. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNIAP, 2009. 7p. Source: SIREN Report CB-04: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb-04.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb-04.pdf Shelf Number: 127101 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Cambodia) Sex Tourism Sex Trafficking (Cambodia) Sexual Exploitation Sexual Exploitation (Cambodia)

Author: International Centre for Migration Policy Development Title: The Way Forward in Establishing Effective Transnational Referral Mechanisms A Report Based on Experiences in Cases of Human Trafficking in South-Eastern Europe Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a crime that requires a coherent transnational response in order to be tackled effectively. It is evident that transnational cooperation is a fundamental component of any successful strategy to prevent and fight human trafficking as well as to protect trafficked persons. The report “The Way Forward in Establishing Effective Transnational Referral Mechanisms. A Report Based on Experiences in Cases of Human Trafficking in South-Eastern Europe”, drafted in the framework of the project Enhancing Transnational Cooperation on Trafficking Cases in South-Eastern Europe (TRM-II), concludes the work under the TRM programme (2006-2012). It elaborates on the concept of Transnational Referral Mechanisms (TRM), their development and applicability. It offers a detailed description of what the TRM is. The report further provides a solid background for national stakeholders from countries that have a TRM in place, and serves as an introduction to the TRM concept for all those that in the process of implementing it. The report also contains an overview of the forms and tools for transnational cooperation used in cases of human trafficking. Notwithstanding its primary geographical scope, the report serves as a useful tool to all countries that have embarked on developing a transnational referral mechanism, or are considering doing so in the future. Practical advice on how to design and implement a functioning TRM can be found in the many recommendations that this report brings forward. In addition to introducing the main legislative framework currently existing in South-Eastern Europe, this report also provides an analysis of the opinions of a large number of professionals from the field both at the policy making and operational level, thus allowing the reader to identify themselves with their counterparts and relate to the lessons learned and practical observations. The reader will find valuable recommendations that could improve their own work in this field. Details: Vienna, Austria: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2012. 161p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 7, 2012 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD-Website_2011/ICMPD_General/News/Transnational_Referral_Mechanisms_in_Trafficking_Cases.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD-Website_2011/ICMPD_General/News/Transnational_Referral_Mechanisms_in_Trafficking_Cases.pdf Shelf Number: 127144 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Europe) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hales, Liz Title: The Criminalisation of Migrant Women Summary: The work of a number of key organisations, including the International Organisation for Migration, has led to awareness of the extent of national and international people trafficking and exploitation by smugglers and agents of people seeking to leave their country to seek work or asylum. Within the UK, public knowledge has been influenced by the setting up of the UK Human Trafficking Centre in October 2006, the work of a number of human rights organisations, and media interest in some cases. However, to date, there has been no formal recognition of the numbers of potential victims in custody on criminal charges, nor systematic prison based research that provides evidence on how these individuals have been managed within the Criminal Justice System and by the United Kingdom Border Agency, at a time when the percentage of foreign women in the prison estate continues to increase. Our research on the criminalisation of migrant women, funded for 18 months by the ESRC, aimed to fill this knowledge gap. The research was carried out between May 2010 and November 2011 with migrant women in prison and the immigration holding estate in the South-East of England. The key aims were to gather information in relation to the numbers of migrant women being processed through the criminal justice and immigration systems within England and Wales. Within the context of this picture we aimed to see whether there were any women who were victims of trafficking, smuggling and ‘work under duress’ in custody, and by examining case management identify the extent of compliance in relation to the European Convention on Trafficking and the Convention of Human Rights. Key findings  In 2009 there were 2,454 foreign national receptions into the female prison estate and during the period of the research foreign national prisoners accounted for 19 per cent of the population in custody and 26 per cent of new untried receptions. In four of the five prisons, where the majority of interviews were carried out, the average population was 30 per cent, rising to 31 per cent in HMP Holloway and HMP Bronzefield in the final month. Analysis of data from fpwp/Hibiscus, a key organisation working with foreign women in custody, showed that 41 per cent of their caseload in 2009 involved women charged with offences such as deception and fraud in relation to their immigration status and related offences of use of false documentation to access work or benefits, or pass through customs on entry or exit from the UK. Prison data gathered in the context of the research indicated that 26 per cent overall were arrested in relation to these offences with an additional 4 per cent arrested on offences such as street robberies and sale of counterfeit goods (offences potentially linked with trafficking). Within the immigration estate in 2010, 4,337 women were taken into detention, of which there were 2,799 receptions at Yarl’s Wood IRC, where monthly figures showed that 112 women, one third, were being held post completion of a prison sentence.  In the context of interviews with 103 migrant women in the prison and immigration holding estate, detained or arrested on charges that are potentially linked with entry to or exit from the UK or work under the control of others, evidence gathered indicated that 43 were victims of trafficking, of whom two were formally re-assessed as children whilst in the adult estate.1 An additional five women had entered the country independently, but had then been worked in slavery or servitude like conditions and 10 had entered the UK in the hands of agents and had been arrested resultant on the theft of their relevant documents by their smugglers.  The progress of these 58 women within the target group (that is, those who might have been trafficked or smuggled or made to work under duress) was then monitored in terms of their management within the criminal justice and immigration systems. This was carried out by 59 follow up interviews in custody and 14 more in the community, observations of 33 court appearances, ongoing communication by letter and examination of relevant paper documentation held by the interviewees, their legal representatives and others, wherever this was feasible.  38 of the 48 women within the target group (58) for whom there is data on employment were involved in non-skilled work before departure and, for those who were complicit in the decision to travel to the UK, reasons for migration were a mixture of economic necessity and a need for asylum. For all but eight it was their first move from home. Eight of those trafficked did not travel directly to the UK, but were first moved to other countries to work en route. Five had been trafficked as children and one of the children had been re-trafficked to the UK after being deported back to Africa from the first destination country. Twenty of the women trafficked were forced to work in prostitution and fifteen in cannabis production. Eight worked in domestic servitude, two were acting as drug mules and eight were involved in street robberies and the sale of fake goods. An additional five women were forced into these areas of work after entering the country independently of those who controlled them in the work.  The common experience of all the women within this target group was one of disempowerment and for those trafficked or smuggled this process started from the point of recruitment. All of those interviewed indicated that they had been victims of physical and/or emotional abuse. Twenty-four women disclosed in interview that they had experienced multiple rapes and for an additional two this had been an ongoing threat. For those who migrated to seek asylum, disclosures indicated that these experiences started prior to their move and were thus the key reasons for migration. For others, disclosures in interview indicated that it was integral to the relationship they had with those who brought them to the UK, who worked them under duress and to whom they had been sold. For many, the hold and threats made by those who had recruited, moved and controlled them did not disappear on arrest.  The women’s experiences led to them to report that they felt socially isolated, vulnerable, traumatised, subject to flashbacks, ashamed to tell others what had happened and finding difficulty in knowing whom to trust. They indicated that all of this was exacerbated by the experience of imprisonment and uncertainty about the future and it is not insignificant that being handed over to the police or immigration was a common threat used by those who had held them.  In terms of the offences for which they had been arrested, the two key offence groups were in relation to the use of false identity documentation and the production of cannabis. Within the target group of 58, 20 of the primary charges were for use of false instrument with intent and 14 for the production of a controlled drug (cannabis).  Of the 43 who were identified as victims of trafficking by the researchers, only 11 were processed through the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) and this did not happen for two of these women until their sentence was completed. Four other women were advised that this option was open to them. Three declined as they were serving short sentences and their goal was to return home as soon as possible, and the fourth was too frightened of the potential implications both to herself and her daughter in making full disclosure of her experiences.  With four of these cases, the Conclusive Grounds decision made on their victim status by UKBA (which acted as the competent authority) was negative. To date, one of these decisions has been overturned following a successful judicial review; such a review was being considered for a second. Even where referrals were made to the NRM that resulted in a positive decision and non-prosecution, the victims spent on average four months in custody. For the other 37 there was no formal recognition of their victim status and no access to appropriate support or temporary protection from deportation other than going down the route of applying for asylum. Of equal significance is the fact that, to date, in only one of the cases did victim disclosures result in a full police investigation in relation to the actions of the perpetrators.A key question of this research is therefore why so few of those whose disclosures at interview with the researchers, which exemplified all the key indicators of being a victim of trafficking, had not been identified as such within the criminal justice system. Similarly we looked at why those arrested on offences committed under duress, in ignorance or resultant on the action of those who had controlled them were held entirely responsible for their actions. Details: Cambridge, UK: Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,, 2012. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/loraine_gelsthorpe/criminalreport29july12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/loraine_gelsthorpe/criminalreport29july12.pdf Shelf Number: 127432 Keywords: Female Inmates Human Trafficking Illegal Immigrants Immigration Migrant Women (U.K.) Rape Sexual Assault Sexual Exploitation

Author: Convery, Ian Title: Study Into the Extent and and Characteristics of the Sex Market and Sexual Exploitation in Darlington Summary: This study, which was commissioned by Northern Rock Foundation under its Safety and Justice Programme, investigates the extent and dynamics of the sex market and sexual exploitation in Darlington, UK. It presents a snapshot of information between December 2008 and December 2009. Using a qualitative knowledge mapping approach, we interviewed 60 professionals from over 30 different organisations. We asked professionals a standardised series of questions about their knowledge of the extent, characteristics and magnitude of the sex market and exploitation. Our research has identified evidence of people involved in sex work (what would generally be understood as prostitution), sexual exchanges (exchanging sex for resources such as accommodation, drugs, alcohol, debt repayments, etc.) and sexual exploitation (under 18 year olds exchanging sex for alcohol, drugs, money and other resources). We found a total of 82 adult females and 27 males involved in sex work or regular sexual exchanges. We also found evidence of a total of eight female children and two male children being sexually exploited. The numbers involved are not great, but the vulnerabilities of many involved are significant, and include vulnerabilities of health, housing, finances, safety and substance misuse. There are also apparent problems of people’s very low selfesteem and poor decision making which means they put themselves at a high risk of harm, both from a health point of view and from physical violence. Many of these vulnerabilities are associated with substance misuse. In relation to this, Darlington has a comprehensive drug treatment service including a safe injecting service and indeed some of those involved were identified through these centres. It would appear that some of those involved in sex work or exchanges who are in treatment are already in receipt of services to tackle the root of those vulnerabilities. However, there are other women who are involved in sex work or exploitation who are problematic drug users who are not accessing these centres. Such cases have been reported by other services, such as accommodation providers, who recognise behaviour but struggle to deal with it. Such agencies require a level of specialist professional support either to advise them on what action to take or to take their referrals. An issue which represents a key barrier to the provision of services was the consistent issue raised by respondents of the normalisation of sex work or exchange behaviour. Some clients or service users were said to “have become de-sensitised to it”. Indeed, it was reported that most women involved would not recognise they were being sexually exploited and “if you’d say it to them they would be really offended”. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northern Rock Foundation, 2010. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2013 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-Darlington-summary-report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-Darlington-summary-report.pdf Shelf Number: 127540 Keywords: Prostitutes (U.K.) Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barefoot Research and Evaluation Title: Study Into the Extent and Characteristics of the Sex Market and Sexual Exploitation in Cumbria Summary: This study, which was commissioned by Northern Rock Foundation under its Safety and Justice for Victims of Abuse Programme, investigates the extent and dynamics of sex markets and sexual exploitation in Cumbria. The study was carried out by Barefoot Research and Evaluation and the University of Cumbria using a knowledge mapping approach; we interviewed a total of 120 professionals from over 40 different organisations across Cumbria. It presents a snapshot of information between 2010 and 2011. We found evidence of a number of different types of sex markets and exploitation across Cumbria where both adults and children were involved. Adult markets included: • Female sex workers who work for escort agencies from the North West of England travelling up along the M6 corridor to work from hotels. • Females who work as independent sex workers who live across Cumbria who offer incalls and outcalls. • Females who work in brothels • Females engaged in survival sex work, exchanging sex for essential resources from money to accommodation. • Heterosexual males advertising as sex workers across Cumbria who offer services to females or male and female couples. • Homosexual males advertising as sex workers across Cumbria who offer services to males. • Homosexual males engaged in survival sex work. We make a distinction between formal sex work and survival sex work (though we fully accept that the boundaries between formal and survival sex work are often blurred). The difference between the two is generally the motivation for the work and whether the work is full time or occasional, Formal sex work, undertaken by escorts or independent sex workers, is often done as a full-time form of employment. Survival sex work tends to be occasional and is done when the individual needs either money for essential resources or often exchanges sex directly for those resources. Survival sex work is commonly associated with problematic substance misuse, for example, heroin or alcohol or other complex needs such as homelessness and mental ill health. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne: Northern Rock Foundation, 2012. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2013 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Study-into-sex-markets-and-child-sexual-exploitation-in-Cumbria-summary.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Study-into-sex-markets-and-child-sexual-exploitation-in-Cumbria-summary.pdf Shelf Number: 127562 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution (U.K.) Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Brunovskis, Anette Title: Balancing Protection and Prosecution in Anti-Trafficking Policies. A comparative analysis of reflection periods and related temporary residence permits for victims of trafficking in the Nordic countries, Belgium and Italy Summary: This report analyses and discusses the various forms of reflection periods and related temporary residence permits for victims of trafficking in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) as well as Belgium and Italy. The study was initiated and funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers, who saw the use of a comparative study of models and experiences in the Nordic countries. In addition, for the purpose of expanding the analysis, Belgium and Italy were also included. These two countries were selected as both have long-standing experience of anti-trafficking work. Both were early actors in implementing temporary residence permits for victims of trafficking, but have adopted different models for reflection periods/temporary residence. As such, their inclusion in this report serves as a backdrop and a foundation for comparison and discussion of the Nordic models of reflection periods and temporary residence permits. The main focus in this report is on how different policy solutions relate to victims’ needs, as well as the needs of states for victims to cooperate in investigation and prosecution of traffickers. These needs can be difficult to reconcile, and the report discusses implications of different models and approaches, remaining sensitive to the fact that there are differences between the countries’ social and political contexts. The concept of “best practice” as such is not culturally and politically neutral. What may be a “best practice” in one context is not necessarily transferrable to another. Details: Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2012. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 127601 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking, Services for

Author: Centre for Social Justice. Slavery Working Group Title: It Happens Here: Equipping the United Kingdom to Fight Modern Slavery Summary: The Centre for Social Justice fights for people trapped in social breakdown and poverty. We seek to understand the root causes of deprivation and promote transformative solutions. This report exposes the shocking plight of those who are trapped in modern slavery in the UK. The national response to this problem is currently inadequate to the task of eliminating it. Our review seeks to breathe new life into the fight against modern slavery. It proposes a revitalisation of every aspect of our country’s approach, including by: „„Injecting new and effective leadership to match the seriousness of the crime; „„Developing better information about the extent and pattern of modern slavery in the UK in order to bring clarity and transform our national and local responses; „„Equipping those on the frontline to recognise modern slavery and act; „„Offering more compassionate and radical support to rebuild the lives of survivors; „„Ensuring that the business community plays its part to stamp out this crime, including by ensuring transparency in their global supply chains. Details: London: Centre for Social Justice, 2013. 224p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_Report_WEB(5).pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_Report_WEB(5).pdf Shelf Number: 127925 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: University of Washington. Jackson School of International Studies. Human Trafficking Taskforce Title: Human Trafficking: A Spotlight on Washington State Summary: The U.S. State Department’s (2005) estimates that between 14,500 and 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States each year. However, since the passing of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, only about 600 people nationwide, including 14 people in Washington State, have been certified as victims of human trafficking. This report seeks to address the reasons for this discrepancy and propose ways in which more victims can be found. In doing so, we examine the discourses that revolve around trafficking, the stakeholders who have the power and will to create change, the Federal and Washington State law and legislation and the potential for Washington State in public mobilization and political willpower as demonstrated through its groundbreaking anti-trafficking legislation. From there, we look at the ways in which trafficking operates through networks and industries. In doing so, we examine particular industries that contain characteristics that make them vulnerable to trafficking, including: the commercial sex industry, sweatshops, domestic work, agriculture, small businesses such as restaurants and hotels, international marriage brokers, and the international adoption industry. In addition, this report surveys the local community in order to assess the general public’s knowledge about trafficking. From this survey we draw a set of recommendations about what the content and audience should be for future campaigns. The result of our research has lead us to find five major factors that contribute to the discrepancy between the estimated number of trafficked persons and the number of trafficked persons who are either found or come forward. • The nature of trafficking as an underground institution makes it very difficult for victims to be found or come forward. • The complex elements of fear and cultural barriers that trafficked persons face also inhibit them from being found or coming forward. • The general public lacks awareness, misunderstands, or misrepresents the issue of human trafficking. • The limited way in which trafficking is framed within the law affects the number of victims found and the way victims are assisted. • There exist some weaknesses in government and service providing institutions that find and assist trafficked persons which include, but are not limited to, a lack of law enforcement training, cultural competency training, and sufficient funding for such programs. To address these challenges our task force recommends: 1. The creation of an anti-trafficking campaign that is aimed towards the general public, greater support of grassroots movement and cultural community involvement in the development of antitrafficking campaigns and in the Washington State Trafficking Task Force, and mandatory training about trafficking for civil servants and healthcare workers. 2. Addressing the demand side of trafficking. 3. Amending the S Visa, by not requiring individuals to waive their ability to contest deportation, and by providing an incentive to informants. 4. Greater collaboration between NGOs that aid trafficking victims and law firms in order to encourage more pro-bono civil suits to be filed against traffickers. 5. And, we propose the creation of a non-governmental organization in Washington State to cohesively and comprehensively address all the proposals and issues mentioned above through trainings, public awareness, direct service provision, and research and evaluation. Details: Seattle, WA: Jackson School of International Studies, 2006. 375p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2013 at: http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/HumanTraffickingSpotlightonWashingtonState.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/HumanTraffickingSpotlightonWashingtonState.pdf Shelf Number: 127960 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Washington State, U.S.) Illegal Adoptions Marriage Brokers Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Simpson, Brenda Title: Changing Perspectives - Calgary Network on Prostitution -- Environmental Scan. Final Report Summary: The Calgary Network on Prostitution (CNOP) was formed in 2007 to address service planning and coordination as a response to the United Way of Calgary’s Coordinated Community Response Plan to the Sex Trade in Calgary. CNOP is a group of agency and consumer representatives interested in improving services and service systems related to prostitution. The Network vision is “to recognize the harm caused by prostitution to all individuals, to end prostitution and /or exploitation, to support individual human rights, and to strengthen and streamline partnerships.” In order to address this vision, the Network plans to raise awareness of the issue and to empower and advocate for programs and individuals working with and affected by prostitution. In particular the Network wants to: 1) address the root causes, policies and systems that harm communities and individuals 2) strengthen and sustain partnerships within the community 3) promote responsibility and apply a human rights based approach. The environmental scan contains information on • Prostitution in Calgary • Feedback from sex trade workers, sexually exploited individuals and those who have exited the trade regarding their experiences • An overview of services in Calgary for those working in the sex trade and/or trying to exit the sex trade • An overview of supportive services in Calgary not specifically targeted to sex trade workers but generically available to address some of the specific needs identified by individuals working in the sex trade (e.g. health, emergency housing, addictions treatment, counseling, basic needs, legal services) • An overview of services and strategies to protect children at risk of sexual exploitation (i.e. individuals under the age of 18 who are involved or at risk of being involved in sex trade activity • An overview of prevention strategies in Calgary • Feedback from Calgary service providers regarding their perception of services and strategies needed to support sex trade workers, both active and exiting • Perspectives from several Calgary communities with identified prostitution strolls • Recommendations for service development. Details: Calgary, AB, Canada: Brenda Simpson, 2009. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2013 at: http://bsimpson.ca/reports/sexual_exploitation/environmental_scan_2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://bsimpson.ca/reports/sexual_exploitation/environmental_scan_2009.pdf Shelf Number: 128018 Keywords: Child Prostitution Prostitution (Canada) Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cambium Advocacy Title: Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland - Follow on Report Summary: The ‘Human Trafficking Inquiry Follow On’ report builds on the EHRC Scotland’s formal Inquiry of 2011, which looked at the nature and extent of human trafficking in Scotland, its underlying influences and causes, as well as how policy and practice needed to improve. The Inquiry made a series of ten recommendations designed to help develop and inform a response to human trafficking which was both strategic and comprehensive. One year on, this report looks at how far and how effectively the Scottish Government, law enforcement and prosecution services, victim support organisations, local authorities and the private sector have paid regard to the recommendations and where urgent attention is still needed. It sets out positive developments, highlighting where there has been progress, but also where further work needs to be done to meet the original recommendations. Details: Glasgow: Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2013. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 27, 2013 at: http://issuu.com/equalityhumanrights/docs/ht_follow_on_final_web Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://issuu.com/equalityhumanrights/docs/ht_follow_on_final_web Shelf Number: 128148 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Scotland, U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nordic Council of Ministers, Title: Nordic-Baltic Campaign Against Trafficking in Women. Final report 2002 Summary: Trafficking of women and children is not a new phenomenon in the Nordic Baltic region. However, the magnitude, forms and impact are more alarming and devastating than before. The United Nations estimates that between one and four million women and children are victims of trafficking every year around the world, of these more than 500,000 are believed to be trafficked into the European Union. The majority of these women and children, mostly girls, are recruited, transported, sold and purchased by individual buyers, pimps, traffickers and members of organized crime networks within countries and over national borders for the specific purpose of sexual exploitation in the sex industry. In the past most women were trafficked for brothel prostitution. Today the forms and varieties have expanded. Trafficked women are sexually exploited through brothel prostitution, including in nightclubs, through escort service agencies, for sex tourism and military “rest and recreation,” in pornography and in other forms of sexual “entertainment” such as striptease and telephone sex. Many women are also sold to men around the world as mail order brides through newspaper ads and over the Internet, for domestic work and other forms of servitude. The majority of these women and children are trafficked from countries in the south to countries in the north, and from Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and the countries in Central Asia to countries in Western Europe and North America. However, women and children are also trafficked domestically between neighbourhoods, from city to city, within the Nordic and Baltic countries and to and from countries in the Baltic region. An increasing number of women, often very young, from the Baltic countries are sold to Nordic men and sexually exploited in the Nordic countries. Nordic men also travel to the Baltic countries as sex tourists. Trafficking in women is extremely profitable. Due to the increasing globalization of the economy and the rapid expansion of the sex industry combined with lenient punishment, trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation has become a relatively low risk, high profit activity that attracts opportunity-seeking individual traffickers and well-organized crime networks in the Nordic Baltic region and beyond. These local, regional and international trafficking networks recruit and transport women and children to markets around the world for buyers who demand unlimited access to a varied supply of women and children from different countries, cultures and backgrounds. It is estimated that these groups may earn several billion Euros every year, making trafficking in human beings the third largest source of profit after drugs and arms trafficking. Trafficking in women for sexual purposes is a gender-specific crime and a serious barrier to gender equality in all societies. The traffickers exploit to their full advantage the fact that most women who are victims of trafficking come from the most oppressed and vulnerable groups in society, those who are educationally, economically, ethnically and racially marginalized and often victims of prior male sexual violence. The impact on the victims is devastating. Women who have been trafficked for sexual purposes experience physical and psychological harm that has lifelong consequences. Trafficking in women for sexual purpose is also a gross violation of women’s human rights, their human dignity and their right to bodily and psychological integrity. Women who escape from the traffickers or, who courageously agree to testify against them, often run a serious risk of retaliation, to themselves, to their families and to their friends. Many women who return to their home countries may find themselves unprotected, isolated and further discriminated against due to misconceptions in the society around them. Details: Copenhagen: Nordia Council of Ministers and the Nordic Council, 2004. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2004-715/at_download/publicationfile Year: 2004 Country: Europe URL: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2004-715/at_download/publicationfile Shelf Number: 128308 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking (Baltic Countries, Europe) Organized Crime Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies Title: Mapping the Realities of Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in Cyprus Summary: This report is the result of a research project conducted by the Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies [MIGS]. The main aim of the project was to gain and share awareness, knowledge and understanding on the phenomenon of trafficking in women in Cyprus for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The research was carried out using a gender-sensitive, feminist perspective and attempted to a.) map and assess existing data on the extent of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in Cyprus b.) outline state and non-governmental responses to the problem and c.) suggest ways to combat this increasingly widespread phenomenon. The research began in January 2006 and the data for this report was gathered predominantly through semi-structured interviews with key policy makers, government officials and NGO representatives /civil society activists working broadly in the area of trafficking, migration, and gender. The themes addressed in the interviews included the goals of particular existing and planned policies; awareness of issues and challenges relating to these policies and their implementation; views and attitudes regarding the situation of trafficked women in Cyprus; and, suggestions for the improvement of existing policies as well as best practices. Information was also gathered through the existing and planned National Action Plan for trafficking, media monitoring, and secondary analysis of available statistical data as well as systematic observation conducted by MIGS throughout the research period. Details: Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies, 2007. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2013 at: http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/migs-trafficking-report_final_711.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cyprus URL: http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/migs-trafficking-report_final_711.pdf Shelf Number: 128345 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking (Cyprus) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Janson, Lara Title: “Our Great Hobby”: An Analysis of Online Networks for Buyers of Sex in Illinois Summary: When it comes to prostitution, the commercial sex industry, and sex trafficking, most discussions, reports, and research on the topics focus on “the prostitute,” ignoring the consumers of prostituted women, the “johns.” Focusing primarily on the women, who mostly constitute the supply side of the commercial sex industry, limits our understanding of the social relationships that characterize and fuel the commercial sex industry. This study focuses on the exchange of information among men who post on the USA Sex Guide in Illinois regarding what they call their “great hobby,” buying sex. Studying these online forums where men trade information with one another on buying sex with women sheds light on the attitudes of a segment of men who buy sex in Illinois as well as a broader community of sex purchasers. It offers a unique glimpse into a world that remains hidden and often inaccessible to researchers. Researching the online johns’ boards also contributes to a better understanding of the increasingly important role of the Internet in the lives of men who buy sex. This research is based on predominantly qualitative content analysis of posts made on the USA Sex Guide from June 1, 2010 to August 31, 2010 by men who buy sex in Illinois. We found that the USA Sex Guide serves as a community and an important resource for johns to inform themselves about buying sex throughout Illinois. The forums create a brotherhood among men who buy sex and reinforce men’s justifications for purchasing sex. The USA Sex Guide appears to be a source of strong bonding among the johns, who often use the forums to help buttress one another against perceived critics or threats. Postings on the USA Sex Guide indicate that men travel throughout Illinois to buy sex in a variety of venues, particularly throughout the Chicago suburbs. The geographic mobility of men who buy sex suggests that responses to the demand for commercial sex must be coordinated in order to be effective. The entries also reflect an ethos of male entitlement to sex that many johns use to rationalize their behavior. Additionally, the data indicate a common vision of a fantasy shared by many men on the forum—an ideal experience in which prostituted women provide an illusion of intimacy and authenticity in their sexual encounters with johns. This research confirms findings from other studies that indicate that the commercial sex industry in Illinois is harmful; some men who buy sex admit on the USA Sex Guide boards to being violent or aggressive toward women in prostitution, and many men on the forums reference the harm the commercial sex industry causes to women, communities, relationships, and themselves. Comments made by men on the USA Sex Guide about law enforcement and policy efforts to combat prostitution reveal the ineffectiveness, in terms of deterring men from buying more sex, of policies that target prostituted women or only men of color who buy sex. Conversely, when johns post on the boards about law enforcement raids that only target men who buy sex, it creates energetic discussions about the risks of their “great hobby.” Some men on the forums state that they will no longer take the risk of buying sex due to the increased risk of legal punishment. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2013. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: http://caase.org/demandreport Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://caase.org/demandreport Shelf Number: 128362 Keywords: Human Trafficking Internet Crimes Prostitutes Prostitution (Chicago, U.S.) Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Commission. Eurostat Title: Trafficking in Human Beings. 2013 edition Summary: This publication presents the first report at the EU level on statistics on trafficking in human beings. It includes data for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. The EU and its Member States have selected trafficking in human beings as one of the priority areas in the fight against organised crime. This resulted in the adoption by the Council and the European Parliament of Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims and the adoption by the Commission on 19 June 2012 of the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012–2016, endorsed via Council Conclusions by the Justice and Home Affairs Council on 25 October 2012. In order to further develop a coherent and strategic approach in the EU cooperation with third countries and regions, the Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted the so called Acton Oriented Paper on strengthening the external dimensions in actions against trafficking in human beings in 2009. The Second Implementation Report on the Action Oriented Paper of December 2012 includes a list of priority countries and regions with which the EU will establish closer cooperation. The preliminary data collected for the report below has been used together with other sources to define the prioritisation of these countries. The need to develop comparable and reliable statistics on crime and criminal justice has long been recognised by the European Commission and the EU. This has been further emphasised in the Commission Communication on Measuring Crime in the EU, adopted in January 2012, in which trafficking in human beings was highlighted as one of the priority areas for collecting statistics. In addressing trafficking in human beings, the European Commission and the EU take a human rights based approach that is victim-centred, gender-specific and focuses on the best interest of the child. This approach stresses the importance of multi-disciplinary actions where all relevant actors are involved in working together towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings. These key elements in trafficking in human beings policy and legislation mentioned above are systematically reflected in this publication on statistics. Thus, this report includes statistics on the total number of victims disaggregated by gender, age and form of exploitation, and also contains statistics on victims' citizenship and type of assistance and protection received. The data have been collected from different authorities working in the field of trafficking in human beings, including civil society organisations. Moreover, the report also includes statistics on suspected, prosecuted and convicted traffickers disaggregated by gender, citizenship and form of exploitation. Although the report focuses on statistical data from the registration systems in the respective organisations, Member States were encouraged to also send in metadata from other sources such as projects, studies and reports. This first report includes statistical data from all 27 EU Member States, Croatia and the following EU Candidate and EFTA/EEA countries: Iceland, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. The total number and percentages in the report are based on data from the EU Member States. Data from the non-EU countries have been highlighted separately in some sections. It is hereby acknowledged that the current state of the results does not entirely comply with the stringent requirements of the European Statistics Code of Practice and further development is planned to improve data quality in future collections. Nevertheless the political demand for this information is such that it seems opportune to make it available at this stage in the form of a Eurostat Working Paper. This means that figures should be interpreted with caution, taking into consideration the methodological notes and caveats provided in this report. For example, Member States were not able to provide comparable data on the number of victims by country of recruitment, the number of suspected traffickers involved in organised crime, the number of final decisions by public prosecution services or the number of convicted traffickers by form of exploitation. By drawing conclusions on the findings is this report several issues need to be taken into consideration. The increase in the number of identified and presumed victims shown in the report could indicate that the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings in EU Member States is on the rise. However, better identification procedures, the involvement of more actors in the identification process, changes in legislation in individual Member States and higher priority in addressing trafficking in human beings can also have an influence on the number of victims. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2013 at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf Shelf Number: 128438 Keywords: Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Brunovskis, Anette Title: Out of sight? Approaches and challenges in the identification of trafficked persons Summary: Identification is a key starting point for protection measures. It is central to ending trafficking situations and facilitating access to assistance. Failure to identify victims of trafficking may lead to deportation from destination countries, where they lack legal migrant status; prosecution for crimes or misdemeanours associated with trafficking; or not being granted relevant rights as trafficked persons under international conventions. This report discusses and analyses challenges in victim identification, based on interviews with 43 victims of trafficking and 99 key informants in the anti-trafficking field in Albania, Moldova and Serbia, between 2006 and 2008. Details: Oslo, Norway: Fafo; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2012. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20255/20255.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20255/20255.pdf Shelf Number: 128606 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Albania, Moldova, Serbia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: van Beinum, Jenny Title: Human Trafficking in International Criminal Law: Pulling the trigger of international jurisdiction Summary: The aim of this essay is to determine whether human trafficking can or should be regarded as an international crime, triggering international criminal jurisdiction. Current international criminal law has a limited scope. Article 5 of the Statute of the ICC (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Rome Statute’ or the ‘ICC Statute’) gives a limitative list of crimes triggering the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (hereinafter referred to as the ‘ICC’ or the ‘Court’). Article 7 in turn provides us with a non-exhaustive list of crimes that can be considered as ‘crimes against humanity’. Answering the question whether human trafficking can trigger international jurisdiction will lead down two paths. The first one is to look at international criminal law as it is now applied and assess whether the crime of human trafficking fits into the existing categories of international crimes, more specifically whether it can be categorized as a crime against humanity. The concept of crimes against humanity and their distinctive legal features will be discussed in this light and applied to the nature and features of the crime of human trafficking. Secondly, on a more theoretical level, different theories on justifying international criminal law will compared to see whether human trafficking can trigger international intervention and pierce the veil of state sovereignty. Even though this essay will look at whether or not it is possible to have international jurisdiction over human trafficking, it does not touch upon the question if it is desirable that human trafficking is tried internationally. The desirability of the international prosecution of crimes is a whole different subject that exceeds the scope of this essay. The main focus in the following chapters will be on the possibility of international adjudication of human trafficking under current international criminal law and legal theories. This essay starts with two descriptive chapters. Chapter 1 gives the legal definition of the crime of human trafficking and Chapter 2 will discuss its scope and nature. These descriptive chapters will prove useful and necessary at a later stage however, they will not provide a sufficient basis to say whether or not the crime of human trafficking is severe enough to be qualified as a crime against humanity. Neither the definition nor the scale of the crime says anything about the nature or the gravity of the offence. Classifying or qualifying the crime of human trafficking as an international crime merely on the basis of its definition or scale would lead to the adoption of a quantitative criterion for international crimes. Applying such a criterion is very undesirable and should be avoided at all costs because evils simply cannot be compared.2 Therefore, instead, Chapter 3 will first dwell upon the question what turns a crime into a crime against humanity. In search of a non-quantitative approach, the legal theories of Larry May and David Luban will be used to assess what constitutes a crime against humanity. Chapter 4 will then focus on justifying international criminal law by discussing various legal theories on this subject. In the final chapter, Chapter 5, the findings from the previous chapters will be used to answer the central question of this essay. The distinctive legal features of crimes against humanity as outlined under chapter 3 will be compared to those of the crime of human trafficking as described under Chapters 1 and 2, and the legal theories discussed under Chapter 4 will be applied to the crime of human trafficking in order to conclude whether human trafficking can pull the trigger of international criminal jurisdiction. Details: Amsterdam: Strafrecht of the University of Amsterdam, 2013. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 4, 2013 at: http://dare.uva.nl/document/477415 Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://dare.uva.nl/document/477415 Shelf Number: 128665 Keywords: Human Trafficking (International) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Martens, Jonathan Title: Counter Trafficking and Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants. Annual Report of Activities 2011 Summary: IOM continues to fight against the exploitation of migrants in all its forms, especially the severe human rights violations suffered by trafficked persons. Through the implementation of its Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants (AVM) programmes and projects, IOM has assisted more than 26,000 trafficked persons and exploited migrants since 1997. In 2011, IOM implemented 220 AVM projects in 94 countries throughout the world. These projects included a broad range of activities, such as institutional capacity building, dialogue and cooperation, data collection and research, evaluations, and direct assistance to trafficked persons and exploited migrants. In this first annual report of AVM activities, prepared by the Migrant Assistance Division (MAD), we will focus on IOM’s direct assistance to trafficked persons and vulnerable migrants, in particular the provision of voluntary, safe, and sustainable return and reintegration assistance. The report brings together internal data from more than 150 IOM Missions around the world in an effort to reflect our protection and assistance activities and to identify promising practices. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration, 2012. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2013 at: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 128715 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (International) Immigrants Immigration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Berkeley Policy Association Title: Evaluation of the International Organization for Migration and its Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking Summary: This report presents the findings of an evaluation of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and its efforts to combat human trafficking. The evaluation gives in our view a balanced insight into strengths and weaknesses of the single largest collaboration partner for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on this topic. During the period 2000-2010 IOM received approximately NOK 89 million to its counter trafficking work. IOM staff is regarded as “highly skilled” and “very supportive.” The report highlights capacity-building, awareness-raising, and victim support as areas where the organization has been successful. The work with victims has not only enabled the organisation to support structures to assist those in need, but has also provided insights into the trafficking problem which have informed other initiatives. This does not mean that there is no room for improvement. At this point, it is important, that IOM focuses on strengthening its internal processes including those relating to how progress is measured, which lessons are captured and feed into future programmed development and particularly those relating to ensuring that IOM’s expressed commitment to human rights consistently translates into practice. Furthermore IOM is recommended to increase collaboration with other organisations in order to reduce overlap between its counter trafficking activities and the work of other organizations. Although IOM’s internal view is that a major strength of the organization is being able to address all aspects of trafficking, staff of organizations outside of IOM did not agree and commonly expressed the concern that IOM’s attempt to address all areas of counter-trafficking exceeds IOM’s mandate. With regard to Norway, the major recommendation is to increase the timeframe of project funding. Today IOM’s work is funded on a project-by-project basis – referred to as projectisation – with only three percent of overall funds coming from core operational resources. One consequence of this form of funding is that IOM tends to create projects in response to donor requests, rather than having a more systematic frame or criteria for determining when and how to allocate resources to countries or programmes. Details: Oslo, Norway: Norad (Norwegian Sgency for Development Cooperation, 2011. 196p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2013 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/ct/Evaluation-IOM-CT.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/ct/Evaluation-IOM-CT.pdf Shelf Number: 128742 Keywords: Human Trafficking (International) International Organization for Migration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Council of Europe. Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Poland. First evaluation round Summary: The Polish authorities have taken a number of important steps to prevent and combat trafficking in human beings, but several important challenges remain, according to a report published today by the Council of Europe’s expert group on human trafficking, GRETA. The report notes that the criminalisation of trafficking in human beings in Poland took effect only in September 2010. There is still a significant gap between the number of identified victims of trafficking and the number of successful prosecutions and convictions. Despite efforts to provide training to relevant professionals, GRETA considers that there is a need to improve the knowledge and sensitivity of judges, prosecutors, investigators and other professionals about human trafficking and the rights of victims. GRETA’s report highlights are positive features the transparent approach to the planning and financing of anti-trafficking activities and the setting up of specialised structures. It also underlines the multi-disciplinary approach to victim identification in Poland and the issuing of special instructions to the Police and Border Guard on the identification of human trafficking victims. However, further steps are necessary to ensure that all victims of trafficking are properly identified. In particular, the report notes that more attention should be paid to the identification of cases of trafficking for labour exploitation, which has been on the rise in Poland. In addition, the report calls upon the authorities to introduce a nation-wide procedure for the identification of child victims of trafficking and to improve the provision of assistance tailored to their needs. GRETA also urges the Polish authorities to facilitate and guarantee access to compensation for victims of trafficking. Despite the existence of legal possibilities, very few - if any - victims of trafficking have received compensation. The report is the first assessment by GRETA of the extent to which Poland implements the Council of Europe’s 2005 anti-trafficking convention. The convention came into force in respect of Poland in March 2009. Details: Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2013. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: GRETA(2013)6: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Reports/GRETA_2013_6_FGR_POL_with_cmnts_en.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Poland URL: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Reports/GRETA_2013_6_FGR_POL_with_cmnts_en.pdf Shelf Number: 128765 Keywords: Border Security Human Rights Human Trafficking (Poland) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Andrevski, Hannah Title: Barriers to Trafficked Persons' Involvement in Criminal Justice Proceedings: An Indonesian case study Summary: Prosecuting transnational crimes such as people trafficking is a complex and difficult task. It is often the case that the people who have been trafficked are the primary witnesses and provide the bulk of the evidence against a trafficker. Yet for a range of reasons, trafficked persons may be reluctant or unable to participate in criminal investigations and prosecutions. Using data from cases in the International Organization for Migration’s Indonesian Counter-Trafficking Module database, the factors that inhibit a trafficked person’s willingness and ability to be involved in criminal proceedings are assessed and considered within a broader review of current research. An understanding of these factors may assist policymakers and practitioners—both in Australia and throughout the region—to better support trafficked people and increase their willingness and ability to participate in criminal proceedings. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 451: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi451.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi451.pdf Shelf Number: 128835 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crime

Author: Lyneham, Samantha Title: Exploitation of Indonesian Trafficked Men, Women and Children and Implications for Support Summary: Protecting and providing support to victims is a central component of the international and Australian response to combat trafficking in persons. The complex and diverse nature of people trafficking means that victims may experience a range of exploitative conditions across a variety of commercial and domestic settings. In this paper, the support needs of trafficking victims are considered through analysis of their experiences of exploitation and abuse, as contained in the International Organization for Migration’s Indonesia Counter-Trafficking Module database. The complexity and diversity of trafficking and exploitative experiences is reflected in the supports and assistance needs of trafficked persons that appear equally diverse and complex. Clearly, support services must tailor their responses to individual circumstances and needs, and respond using a multifaceted, victim-centred approach. While analysing the experiences of trafficked persons can assist in developing appropriate support services, evaluative research is the next step in ensuring the effectiveness of the supports provided. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 450: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi450.html Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi450.html Shelf Number: 128836 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crime

Author: Larsen, Jacqueline Title: Experiences of Trafficked Persons: An Indonesian sample Summary: The true extent of people trafficking is difficult to gauge, in part because of low levels of reporting and identification of trafficked persons, the clandestine nature of the crime, and a lack of reliable data and systematic data collections, The data collected by the International Organization for Migration in its Counter Trafficking Module Database is unique in the breadth and depth of information collected regarding the experiences of trafficked persons. The IOM Indonesia CTM database holds information relating to 3,701 trafficked Indonesians between January 2005 and January 2010. In this paper, the experiences of this group of trafficked persons is compared and contrasted against the existing literature in order to strengthen knowledge about the nature of people trafficking in the southeast Asian region. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 449: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi449.html Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi449.html Shelf Number: 128837 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crimes

Author: European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (FRONTEX) Title: Situational Overview on Trafficking in Human Beings Summary: Although trafficking in human beings (THB) is not frequently reported at the external border of the European Union (EU), this phenomenon is, by its transnational nature, closely related to the national borders and the work of border guards. As exploitation predominantly starts after the potential victim crosses the border, the data collected for the purposes of this analysis reflect cases of trafficking detained inland (inside the EU). The definitions of trafficking in human beings used by the Member States and Schengen Associated Countries* (SAC) are not all harmonised with the definition used by Frontex,** where a potential victim of trafficking is understood as “a person that most probably suffered or will suffer from offences related to trafficking in human beings.” Although some Member States and SAC could not provide the numbers of potential victims of trafficking as defined by Frontex, the collected data will be considered comparable for the purposes of this analysis, as the need for a situational overview of THB in the EU and SAC outweighs the need for stricter data guidelines. The following analysis is based on statistical data and reports of national rapporteurs provided by Member States and SAC for the years 2008 and 2009, analytical materials collected during Frontex Joint Operations (JO) and open source data. As there is limited intelligence-based evidence on the timeframes, mode, and locations of the arrival of victims of trafficking at the EU external border, reliable conclusions are limited. Statistical data collected shows that Member States and SAC reported 3 023 potential victims of trafficking from third countries in 2009, while there had been only 2 075 cases reported in 2008. This represents a 27% increase in 2009, if the countries that provided the data in both years are the only ones taken into account. Most of the third-country potential victims came from West African countries (showing an increase of 75% in the years compared), followed by nationals from South America, East Asia, and North Africa. The most common nationalities among the potentially trafficked non-Europeans are Nigerian, Chinese and Brazilian. Most of the potential victims were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation, but trafficking for forced labour or services is reported as an increasing phenomenon. The same increasing trend is also observed regarding male victims. The number of male victims in 2009 was ten times higher than the number in 2008. The most common male victims were Pakistani nationals, followed by Chinese and Vietnamese. Details: Warsaw, Poland: FRONTEX, 2011. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2013 at: http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Situational_Overview_on_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Situational_Overview_on_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings.pdf Shelf Number: 128918 Keywords: Border Security Human Trafficking (Europe) Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Tunisia Title: Baseline Study on Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: Assessing the scope and manifestations Summary: Although it is difficult to quantify the magnitude of the global phenomenon of trafficking, it is estimated that every year there are 800,000 victims of cross-border trafficking. This would be more numerous in the internal trafficking networks. This crime, which constitutes a serious violation of human rights and one of the worst violations of human dignity, affects all the Middle East / North African countries (MENA region), and does not spare Tunisia. Prior to its 14th January 2011 Revolution, (triggered by social demands based on the respect of human dignity, the right to work, the fight against inequality and corruption) Tunisia was committed to fighting trafficking through the ratification of the Palermo Protocol in 2003. A decade later, the Tunisian government is particularly concerned about this issue and interested in understanding the problem better in all its forms, in order to establish laws, structures and public policies adapted to respond to the situation. The Baseline Study on trafficking in Tunisia is the first Study addressing this issue in the country and aims to be a key step in supporting all the actors involved in the fight against trafficking. A Steering Committee comprising the major institutions and organizations working on the field of trafficking has also closely followed the development of this Study, from the design to the presentation of results, actively facilitating access to information to the investigators (Chapter I). If the Study is mainly dedicated to discover the characteristics and conditions of trafficking in Tunisia (Chapter III), the context in which it occurs has also been studied (Chapter II). The action implemented in the country to achieve the 4Ps against trafficking in persons, namely: Prevention, Protection, Prosecution and Partnerships, has also been subjected to a detailed research (Chapter IV). The research results show that Tunisia is concerned with trafficking in persons as a source, destination, and potentially transit country. On the national territory, victims are mostly children, but also women and people with disabilities. The sectors of exploitation vary, as well as the profile of traffickers. They range from domestic servitude to forced involvement in criminal activities, through forced labor and forced begging or sexual exploitation. Abroad, Tunisian women are sexually exploited, mainly in the Gulf countries, in Lebanon and Western Africa. Tunisian men were identified as victims of trafficking for forced labor in Europe. A number of challenges remain to be taken up in Tunisia to tackle human trafficking and protect victims. While the legal measures and structures to achieve these objectives are not yet in place, we can however note the efforts made by the government to adopt, soon, a specific national law on trafficking, as well as the will of the Ministries and the civil society actors concerned to commit themselves to the identification and support of victims. Furthermore, Tunisian Media and Labor Unions have an important role to play vis-à-vis human trafficking in Tunisia, and in particular to prevent this offense. The private sector will have to make a number of efforts to reduce the number of victims in Tunisia, especially in the Tourism industry. In conclusion to this report, a set of recommendations was formulated to the attention of all the key players to combat trafficking and protect victims in Tunisia. They target the existing needs in the country related to the 4Ps, according to the results of this Study. Details: Tunis: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Tunisia, 2013. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2013 at: http://www.tn.iom.int/pdf/Baseline_Study_on_trafficking_n_persons_in_Tunisia_IOM%20_LR.pdf.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Tunisia URL: http://www.tn.iom.int/pdf/Baseline_Study_on_trafficking_n_persons_in_Tunisia_IOM%20_LR.pdf.pdf Shelf Number: 129202 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Tunisia) Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gordillo de Vivero, Ariana Title: Human Trafficking: An Invisible Crime on the Isla del Encanto Summary: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the prevalence of human trafficking in Puerto Rico, assess public awareness of the crime, and provide recommendations for ways to raise awareness within the territory. Academic research was conducted by Ariana Gordillo de Vivero, Erin Payne, Maria Ploski, and Monica Santis over the course of Academic Year 2011-2012. In country research was conducted under the sponsorship of the Florida Coalition Against Human Trafficking and its recently founded field office, Caribbean Coalition Against Human Trafficking in San Juan, Puerto Rico from 12-16 March, 2012. This report will address the prevalence of human trafficking globally, within the Caribbean region, and within Puerto Rico specifically to include structural and socioeconomic causes of trafficking, government and civil society involvement. The findings from the key informant interviews will then be presented. The research will conclude with concrete recommendation to government and civil society to raise awareness of human trafficking in Puerto Rico. Details: Washington, DC: George Washington University, Elliot School of International Affairs, 2012. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program Capstone: Accessed July 13, 2013 at: http://elliott.gwu.edu/assets/docs/acad/lahs/puerto-rico-human-trafficking-2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://elliott.gwu.edu/assets/docs/acad/lahs/puerto-rico-human-trafficking-2012.pdf Shelf Number: 129387 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Puerto Rico) Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Seelke, Clare Ribando Title: Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: Trafficking in persons (TIP) for the purpose of exploitation is a lucrative criminal activity that is of major concern to the United States and the international community. According to the U.S. State Department, as many as 27 million people may be trafficking victims around the world at any given time. In recent years, the largest numbers of trafficking victims have been identified in Africa and Europe; however human trafficking is also a major problem in Latin America. Countries in Latin America serve as source, transit, and destination countries for trafficking victims. Men, women, and children are victimized within their own countries, as well as trafficked to other countries in the region. Latin America is also a primary source region for people trafficked to the United States. In FY2012, for example, primary countries of origin for foreign trafficking victims certified as eligible to receive U.S. assistance included Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala (along with Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia). Smaller numbers of Latin American TIP victims are trafficking to Europe and Asia. Latin America serves as a transit region for Asian TIP victims. Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. 106-386), Congress has taken steps to address human trafficking by authorizing new programs and reauthorizing existing ones, appropriating funds, creating new criminal laws, and conducting oversight on the effectiveness and implications of U.S. anti-TIP policy. Most recently, the TVPA was reauthorized through FY2017 in Title XXII of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (P.L. 110-457). According to CRS calculations, obligations for U.S.-funded anti-TIP programs in Latin America totaled roughly $8.4 million in FY2011, with $5.3 million of those funds destined for Haiti. On June 19, 2013, the State Department issued its 13th annual, congressionally mandated report on human trafficking. The report categorizes countries into four “tiers” according to the government’s efforts to combat trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking (Tier 3) have been made subject to U.S. foreign assistance sanctions. Colombia and, for the first time, Nicaragua received the top Tier 1 ranking in this year’s report. While Cuba is the only Latin American country ranked on Tier 3 in this year’s TIP report, nine other countries in the region—Barbados, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, St. Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela—are on the Tier 2 Watch List. Unless those countries make significant progress, they could receive a Tier 3 ranking in the 2014 report. Activity on combating TIP has continued into the 113th Congress, particularly related to the reauthorization of the TVPA and oversight of TIP programs and operations, including U.S.- funded programs in Latin America. Congress is likely to monitor trends in human trafficking in the region, such as the involvement of organized crime groups in TIP and the problem of child trafficking in Haiti. Congress could consider increasing funding for anti-TIP programs in the region, possibly through the Mérida Initiative for Mexico, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), or through other assistance programs. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: RL33200: Accessed July 19, 2013 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Central America URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Shelf Number: 129468 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Latin America, Caribbean) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Miles, Siobhan Title: Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. End of Year Progress Report 2012 Summary: This is the third end of year progress report for the Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. The purpose of this report is to communicate progress and findings for 2012. Recruitment of participants was closed in December 2011 and the sample size has been set at 128 participants. An average of 107 participants attended each of the three field visits conducted throughout the year. During 2012, because the sample size was large enough, and remained stable across the research time frame, more significant statistical analysis was possible than the previous year. Although the majority of study participants were still in their respective assistance programs (APs), whether residential (RP) or community programs (CPs), a larger number have also begun the reintegration process, and 5% have completed reintegration; that is, they are no longer part of any assistance program. The overriding objective of the Butterfly Longitudinal Research is to better understand, from the participants’ perspectives, what the (re-)integration process is like for them over a ten-year period. Our purpose is to understand what makes them more resilient and what makes them more vulnerable, yet at this early point in the longitudinal study such conclusions are not yet possible. We have used a mixed methods approach to enquire about the participants’ current perceptions, views and experiences, and about their expectations for the futures. A small number of participants voluntarily described some of their experiences before their sexual exploitation. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Chab Dai Coalition, 2013. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2013 at: http://www.childrecovery.info/fileadmin/pdf/Butterfly_Annual_Report_2012-1__1_.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.childrecovery.info/fileadmin/pdf/Butterfly_Annual_Report_2012-1__1_.pdf Shelf Number: 129562 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation (Cambodia) Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Reintegration, Human Trafficking Victims Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bindel, Julie Title: Capital Exploits: A Study of Prostitution and Trafficking in London Summary: This report examines changing trends and patterns in prostitution and trafficking for the purposes of prostitution across London. The study, published by Eaves for Women was commissioned by the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) in the context of their Violence Against Women and Girls strategy, and is based on six months of intensive research in the capital. Some of its key findings include the following: There is an inconsistent police and local authority approach to addressing prostitution across London which has a negative and harmful impact on the women involved. Services often fail to identify that a woman accessing support may be involved in prostitution and therefore do not refer her to specialist support. Local residents are increasingly calling on police and local authorities to switch tactics and to target pimps, gangs and controllers instead of targeting and criminalising the women being exploited. There has been an increase in non-British women and girls selling sex on-street. The gap between street and off-street prostitution is narrowing. Many women are involved in both. Girls under 18 have been identified as being prostituted and trafficked within some London boroughs. In some boroughs trafficked women are now being controlled by criminal gangs in on-street prostitution as well as off-street. The study finds plentiful evidence that London continues to have a thriving sex industry, with prostitution clearly in evidence in almost every borough. It also identifies a huge variation and often contradictory approaches to addressing the issue – with some boroughs tackling prostitution as violence against women and providing those involved with support to exit, whilst others arrest and criminalise women, and some take measures to challenge men’s demand for prostitution. Details: London: Eaves, 2013. 99p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2013 at: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2013/06/Capital-Exploits-June-2013.pdf-da8819.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2013/06/Capital-Exploits-June-2013.pdf-da8819.pdf Shelf Number: 129582 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution (London, U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Great Britain. Department of Justice Title: Second Report of the Inter-Department Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Summary: This is the second report of the Inter- Departmental Ministerial Group on human trafficking. The report provides an assessment of human trafficking in the UK building on the first report of the Group which was published in October 2012. Human trafficking remains a threat to the UK. It is an evil crime which is difficult to detect because of its hidden nature. It is a crime affecting communities throughout the world. In many instances it is committed by organised criminals preying on individuals and exploiting their vulnerabilities, for their own personal gain. As a global phenomenon human trafficking requires a strong, coordinated and consistent response from the international community. The UK is committed to tackling this evil by working with partners and agencies at a local, regional, national and international level. This will be done by identifying the threat, seeking out criminal networks to deter and disrupt their activities, and to bringing the perpetrators to justice. Assessment of human trafficking in the UK - the scale of the problem Identifying the victims of human trafficking is a vital part of developing the UK's response, along with ensuring appropriate law enforcement action against perpetrators wherever possible. In 2012, 1,186 potential victims of human trafficking were referred to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), which is a 25% increase on the number of referrals in 2011. Of these, 786 were females and 400 were males; 815 were adults and 371 were children. The source countries for the greatest number of potential victims referred into the NRM were Nigeria, Vietnam, Albania, Romania and China. Amongst adult referrals, sexual exploitation remained the most common form of abuse identified through the NRM, although reporting of labour trafficking and other forms of criminal exploitation continued to rise. For child victims, both sexual exploitation and forced labour featured prominently. The UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) Strategic Assessment for 2012 estimated that there are up to 2,255 possible victims of human trafficking in the UK. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Cm 8731: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/251487/9794-TSO-HMG_Human_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 131489 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.K.) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Centre for Migration Policy Development Title: Trafficking in Human Beings in Lebanon: A Stock-Taking Report Summary: This assessment looks at the situation of trafficking in human beings in Lebanon through an analysis of existing legal and institutional responses. An attempt has been made to identify the current state of play of the main forms of trafficking present in Lebanon, as well as the challenges related to the identification and referral of trafficked persons. Based on these analyses the document outlines the ambiguity and complexity which surrounds the issue of trafficking in human beings as a crime: a crime that is often hidden and intertwined with other migration related matters. With regard to the Lebanese context, policies and actions against human trafficking cannot be dealt with separately from policies and actions related to the status of migrant domestic workers and migrants working under the 'artist's visa'. As this report argues a comprehensive anti-trafficking response needs to be part and parcel of a wide-ranging response mechanism which will ensure coordination between the actions taken by the authorities involved in anti-trafficking activities and those responsible for tackling broader migration issues. The assessment is part of the project 'Training to Enhance Lebanese Anti-trafficking Effort (TELAE): Identification, Referral and Policy Responses', implemented by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and financially supported by the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The document was regularly updated during the entirety of the project and its findings served as a basis for the development of capacity building activities and two strategic documents: the Draft Standard Operating Procedures for Identification and Referral of Trafficked Persons in Lebanon and the Draft National Anti-trafficking Action Plan. The assessment shows that human trafficking has been recognised as a pressing problem by the national authorities in Lebanon and important steps have been taken to strengthen antitrafficking efforts. The introduction of the Anti-Trafficking Law Number 164 created a legal basis for the anti-trafficking response in Lebanon. Even though Lebanon still lacks specialised antitrafficking institutional structures, it has to be noted that the relevant institutions have proven their commitment and determination to improve the situation and actively participate in the reform process and in specialised capacity building activities. Despite the progress achieved so far, this report also identifies shortcomings in the anti-trafficking response in Lebanon. It spells out the actions that need to be undertaken in the near future - especially in relation to the implementation of the existing anti-trafficking law. Additionally it highlights developments needed in order to prevent trafficking in human beings and to ensure a human rights and a victim-centred approach in other related legal instruments (such as the Labour Code, provisions regulating the work of foreigners and administrative directives). Furthermore, the establishment of coordination structures, the formal endorsement of standard operating procedures and the adoption of a national strategy on anti-trafficking and a national action plan have been identified as key to ensuring a comprehensive national anti-trafficking response. Details: Vienna, Austria: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2013. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2013 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/Stock_taking_report_on_THB_in_Lebanon.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Lebanon URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/Stock_taking_report_on_THB_in_Lebanon.pdf Shelf Number: 131578 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Lebanon) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jenkins, Suzanne Title: Beyond Gender: An Examination of Exploitation in Sex Work Summary: Although there are conflicting perspectives on prostitution in the feminist literature, female prostitutes are usually regarded as victims of gender-specific exploitation, either in the form of sexual-domination or socio-economic-inequality. Male prostitution has usually been excluded from feminist analyses on the basis that it is thought to be less exploitative than female prostitution. In this thesis, I expand upon feminist theories of gendered exploitation by comparing the experiences of male, female and transgendered escort sex-workers. Using a qualitative approach, my research explores whether prostitution is inherently exploitative and what conditions create and exacerbate sex-workers‟ vulnerability to victimisation, including the influence of current legal approaches to prostitution. My findings indicate that although neither male nor female sex-workers experience high levels of exploitation, female escorts are more vulnerable to particular types of victimisation; however, rather than reflecting existing feminist theories of prostitution, this is not, typically, the result of either sexual-or economic-oppression. Instead, I argue that exploitation largely results from the social stigma attached to prostitution, and that this is exacerbated by an over-emphasis on discourses of victimhood in feminist perspectives on, and legal approaches to, commercial-sex. By arguing that women only choose sex-work in the face of sexual or economic disadvantage, the notion that women are intrinsically susceptible to exploitation is reinforced. This denies women agency, and puts them in a disadvantaged position from which to negotiate their working lives. In particular, because female sex-workers are more likely to be dependent upon third-parties to facilitate their work, women are at greater risk of exploitation. I argue that exploitation could be effectively reduced by decriminalising and regulating sex industry organisers so that sex-workers can enter into communal working relationships. Given feminism‟s aim of empowering women, I argues that a more constructive feminist approach would be to move away from a gender-specific notion of exploitation to one which recognises the reality that women can, and sometimes do choose to sell sexual services, and that their right to do so should not be dependent upon notions of victimhood. Details: Staffordshire, UK: Keele University, 2009. 312p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 7, 2013 at: http://myweb.dal.ca/mgoodyea/Documents/Sex%20work%20-%20General/Beyond%20gender%20Jenkins%20PhD%202009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://myweb.dal.ca/mgoodyea/Documents/Sex%20work%20-%20General/Beyond%20gender%20Jenkins%20PhD%202009.pdf Shelf Number: 131603 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (International) Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Human Trafficing Resource Center, Polaris Project Title: Human Trafficking Trends in the United States: 2007-2012 Summary: From December 7, 2007, through December 31, 2012, the NHTRC answered 65,557 calls, 1,735 online tip forms, and 5,251 emails - totaling more than 72,000 interactions. This report is based on the information learned from these interactions during the first five years of the hotline's operation by Polaris Project. Key facts: The NHTRC experienced a 259% increase in calls between 2008 and 2012. In five years, we received reports of 9,298 unique cases of human trafficking. The three most common forms of sex trafficking reported to the hotline involved pimp-controlled prostitution, commercial-front brothels, and escort services. Labor trafficking was most frequently reported in domestic work, restaurants, peddling rings, and sales crews. 41% of sex trafficking cases and 20% of labor trafficking cases referenced U.S. citizens as victims. Women were referenced as victims in 85% of sex trafficking cases, and men in 40% of labor trafficking cases. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed November 23, 2013 at: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Shelf Number: 131664 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Verite Title: Risk Analysis of Indicators of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking in Illegal Gold Mining in Peru Summary: Peru is one of the largest gold producers in the world- the fifth largest, if illegally produced gold is taken into account. Hundreds of thousands of people are employed in Peru in artisanal gold mining and peripheral services. With the support of Humanity United, Verite mapped production areas and the supply chain of Peruvian gold, consulted with experts from NGOs, government, and academia, and conducted interviews with almost 100 mine workers, and workers providing peripheral services (including mechanics, cooks, sex workers, transporters, and others). In the the course of these interviews, workers told us horrendous stories of labor and sexual exploitation in Peru. There are a number of factors that make the gold sector in Peru vulnerable to forced labor: primarily, the prevalence of illegal gold mining. Its illegality results in a black hole, in which miners operate in areas that are not fully under the control of the government. Verite's report on risks of forced labor in artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) in Peru raises challenging questions for companies in industries including jewelry, mining, electronics and banking. The report reveals that ASM gold tainted by human rights abuses makes its way - through corruption, laundering and illegal export- into the hands of global traders, refineries, banks and into our watches and smart phones. Our research on these largely hidden problems is intended to encourage action on the part of stakeholders, including companies, NGOs, governments, and industry associations to raise awareness of the vulnerability to forced labor, as well as actions companies can take to improve their ethical performance. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20Gold%20Mining%20in%20Peru_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Peru URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20Gold%20Mining%20in%20Peru_0.pdf Shelf Number: 131853 Keywords: Forced Labor Gold Human Trafficking Precious Metals Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada) Title: Local Safety Audit Guide: To Prevent Trafficking in Persons and Related Exploitation Summary: This guide is designed to contribute to the development of strategic action plans to prevent human trafficking and other related forms of violence and exploitation in Canada's urban centres, and to address the factors which make particular groups far more vulnerable to sexual exploitation and/or forced labour than others. It uses a sound evidence-based approach, and explicitly considers gender and other intersecting factors which influence an individual's vulnerability. It will enable stakeholders from the public sector and civil society to assess the nature and extent of these problems in their particular urban area, and to develop an action plan tailored to those problems and their local context. The need for unified action - in Canada and internationally - to prevent human trafficking, a modern form of slavery, which violates fundamental human rights, is clear. The Government of Canada's National Action Plan (2012) seeks to accelerate action against trafficking in relation to prevention, prosecution, and protection of victims, and to foster partnerships which are vital to achieving progress in each of these areas. Human trafficking is a complex crime which is facilitated by many factors, including the vulnerability of particular populations to exploitation, complicity or ignorance on the part of civil society, and the demand for particular goods and services. Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour. Trafficking may occur entirely in one country or involve individuals being trafficked from other countries. It may involve illegal migrants who find themselves exploited once they arrive in Canada. It may involve people legitimately entering the country under foreign worker programs, but whose treatment and conditions of work amount to exploitation. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2013-1: Accessed March 13, 2014 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/lcl-sfty-dtgd/lcl-sfty-dtgd-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/lcl-sfty-dtgd/lcl-sfty-dtgd-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131906 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Stritecky, Vit Title: Developments in trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor Summary: This monograph deals with an important legal, human rights and security related topic of human trafficking for the purpose of exploitation and forced labor. The book points to the fact that the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor has been on the rise, creating an environment of very complex international social networks. Even though this global problem is predominantly connected with Asia and Africa, the authors warn, that this phenomenon is very relevant for the EU as well. Due to the growing resources and expanding reach of organized crime, the trafficking poses a growing challenge for the EU. For this reason the activities on the part of national and international stakeholders, who attempt to develop more effective tools to fight this phenomenon have intensified. Authors of publication, Vit Stritecky and Daniel Topinka, emphasize the fact, that the nature and complexity of human trafficking and other illegal activities connected with it require a broader understanding of security sector. Besides traditional law-enforcement agencies, such as the police, the judicial branch, private security agencies, we should also understand the importance of non-governmental organizations providing counsel, social services and child protection. The book also abandons the traditional and predominant orientation on human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and explains that the concept of human trafficking is also connected with forced labor and other (non-sexual) forms of exploitation as well as other topics (e.g. trafficking in human organs). The book "Developments in trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor" presents a detailed discussion of how the concept of human trafficking has evolved (e.g. discussion about different forms and types of trafficking), legal concepts and frameworks reflecting the specific definition debates connected with human trafficking and last but not least strategic litigation, which is connected with the social and legal assistance provided by non-governmental organizations. Details: Prague: Institute of International Relations, 2013. 197p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/6334c0c7298d6b396d213ccd19be5999/publication.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/6334c0c7298d6b396d213ccd19be5999/publication.pdf Shelf Number: 132003 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re)integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region Summary: (Re)integration is a process that involves many steps after the individual's exit from trafficking. Ideally trafficked persons are identified and provided with a range of services to support their social and economic (re)integration. Many trafficked persons interviewed for this study were assisted and supported in these ways. Others were not fully supported through these stages but nonetheless did receive assistance that was valuable toward their recovery and (re)integration. Interviews with trafficked persons yielded many positive examples and experiences, including the important role played by various actors and agencies and (re)integration services in recovery and (re)integration processes. Nonetheless, many trafficked persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) did not have access to these "ideal" pathways and their experiences following their emergence from trafficking further exacerbated their ordeals. Many were neither identified nor assisted as victims of trafficking, which meant they did not receive support to aid in their recovery and sustainable (re)integration. Some trafficked persons received some forms of assistance but not the full package they required (and were entitled to) to move on from their trafficking experience and (re)integrate into society. Equally important, some preferred not to be assisted and declined some or all support offered to them. Understanding these diverse and complex post-trafficking trajectories sheds light on a wide range of issues and dynamics at play in the (re)integration processes in the GMS. It also highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of existing (re)integration mechanisms and processes. The study was based on in-depth interviews with 252 trafficked persons about their experiences of (re)integration, including successes and challenges, as well as future plans and aspirations. The trafficked persons interviewed for this study came from all six countries in the GMS and included men, women and children, trafficked for various forms of forced labour, sexual exploitation, begging and/or forced marriage. The study included persons who had been identified and assisted, as well as those who were not identified and/or did not receive assistance. This research study was undertaken in the context of the a region-wide (re)integration initiative under Project Proposal Concept 5 (PPC5) within the 2nd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2008-2010), which sought to assess the effectiveness of (re)integration processes and structures in the region. It continued under the 3rd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2011-2013) under Area 3, Protection. While the study is intended for anti-trafficking policymakers and practitioners in the GMS, these findings also have relevance for practitioners and policy makers in other countries and regions who are seeking to enhance their anti-trafficking response, in line with the interests and experiences of trafficked persons. Details: Bangkok: UNIAP/Nexus Institute, 2013. 252p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Asia URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Shelf Number: 132084 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Trafficking Reintegration Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crime

Author: Coy, Maddy Title: "Sex without consent, I suppose that is rape": How young people in England understand sexual consent Summary: This research into young people's understanding of consent to sex was conducted by the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU) at London Metropolitan University for the Office of the Children's Commissioner, as part of its national Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups (CSEGG). How young people make sense of sexual consent emerged as a key issue of concern during the first year of the CSEGG Inquiry (Berelowitz et al, 2012). The aim of this study was to explore young people's perceptions of consent, and what informs, influences and constrains their understandings and decision-making processes. Details: London: Office of the Children's Commissioner, 2013. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/content/publications/content_744 Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/content/publications/content_744 Shelf Number: 131978 Keywords: Rape Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nordic Council of Ministers, Title: Trafficking In Human Beings. Report from a conference on Identification of victims and criminals -- why we do not notice them Summary: The conference Identification of victims and criminals - why we do not notice them arranged 30-31 May 2013 in Tallinn, Estonia formed the conclusion of a Nordic-Baltic-Northwest Russian cooperation project and gathered together around 80 participants to discuss ways of identifying victims and criminals and why we do not notice them, even though we now have available to us facts, figures, research and knowledge about human trafficking. The report presents summaries of the presentations, the Panel discussion and the recommendations from the Round Table discussions. Details: Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2014 at: https://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2014-526 Year: 2014 Country: Denmark URL: https://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2014-526 Shelf Number: 132181 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crimes

Author: Immigrant Council of Ireland Title: Stop Traffick! Tackling Demand for Sexual Services of Trafficked Women and Girls Summary: This study, funded under the European Commission's Prevention and Fight against Crime (ISEC) initiative, has been carried out as part of the project 'Stop Traffick: Tackling demand for sexual services of trafficked women and girls'. The research will inform strategies to reduce demand for the services of trafficked women and girls in the five participating countries (Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Bulgaria and Lithuania). This evidence base will influence the production of a toolkit of products and activities to: - Raise awareness among buyers and potential buyers of services delivered by victims of human trafficking in the sex industry - Reduce the demand for purchase of sexual services The initiating partner, the Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI), led this project in collaboration with the Bulgarian Gender Research Foundation (BGRF), Klaipeda Social and Psychological Service Centre (KSPSC) in Lithuania, the Mediterranean Institute for Gender Studies (MIGS) in Cyprus and the Multicultural Women's Association of Finland (MONIKA). This report analyses and assesses efficient approaches to discourage demand for the services provided by victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, based on a greater understanding of experiences, attitudes and motivations of the people who purchase sex. We wanted to gather sufficient knowledge to inform interventions linked with the decision to purchase sex and, in particular, to purchase sex from a vulnerable individual who could be a victim of human trafficking. Details: Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland, 2014. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/documents/STOP_TRAFFICK_-_full_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/documents/STOP_TRAFFICK_-_full_report.pdf Shelf Number: 132206 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Benton, Meghan Title: Spheres of Exploitation: Thwarting Actors Who Profit from Illegal Labor, Domestic Servitude, and Sex Work Summary: Large-scale migration flows are too often exploited by "bad actors" for profit-ranging from criminals who exploit trafficked people to employers who do not meet legal hiring practices. Even consumers, who may not know the source of their goods and services, sometimes aid the exploitation of migrants. This report analyzes such exploitation in three spheres: the domestic care sector, the labor market, and the sex industry. Across all three, perpetrators are broadly motivated by the lure of high profits and low risks. The report, part of a Transatlantic Council on Migration series on migration "bad actors," details several obstacles governments face in their efforts to weaken such actors: victims may be unwilling to report crimes, the crimes themselves fall into a gray area in which identification and prosecution are complex, and the leaders of criminal organizations often successfully protect themselves from enforcement efforts by implicating their foot soldiers and victims in illegal activity. Policies to disrupt the business model of exploitation seek to increase risks and reduce profits for facilitators, and they may also aim to reduce the supply and demand of exploitable labor. Most policies carry risks and practical challenges. One of the main legal tools-anti-trafficking legislation-aims to increase the risks of severe exploitation, but low prosecution rates and trivial sentences reduce their utility as a deterrent. Measures that target employers also face several challenges, such as proving employer guilt and administering high-enough fines. Increasing subcontractors' regulations, if successfully implemented, can raise standards across the board, but may also inadvertently lead to more severe exploitation (and more illegal immigration) if some operators are pushed underground. The report argues that one of the biggest challenges facing law enforcement is that the focus on serious criminals and lawbreakers ignores those who operate on the edge of legality; the reality is that creative criminal organizations exploit legal routes wherever possible, sometimes flying under the radar of police. This situation often creates unexpected results. Some policies to encourage legal migration-like those that tie workers to a particular employer-can facilitate exploitative practices, while policies designed to reduce exploitation (such as licensing systems) might make some operators more likely to hire unauthorized workers. Details: Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2014. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/migration-exploitation-illegal-labor-domestic-servitude-sex Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/migration-exploitation-illegal-labor-domestic-servitude-sex Shelf Number: 132222 Keywords: Border Security Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Immigrants Sexual Exploitation Undocumented Immigrants

Author: Schulze, Erika Title: Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution and its Impact on Gender Equality Summary: The objective of this briefing paper is to provide background information drawn from the international literature on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality in relation to the report of the Women's Rights and Gender Equality Committee. The study concentrates on the debate on whether prostitution could be voluntary or has rather to be regarded in any case as a violation of women's human rights. It also presents an overview of the policies on prostitution in the Member States as well as four case studies: Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. Conclusions are presented with the view to enhance the debate. Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2014. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/493040/IPOL-FEMM_ET(2014)493040_EN.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/493040/IPOL-FEMM_ET(2014)493040_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 132245 Keywords: Gender Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. President's Interagency Task Force Title: Progress in Combating Trafficking in Persons: The U.S. Government Response to Modern Slavery Summary: Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is the act of recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining, or maintaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Sex trafficking of a minor under the age of 18 does not require the use of force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 (Pub. L. 106-386), as amended, describes this compelled service using a number of different terms, including involuntary servitude, slavery, debt bondage, and forced labor. Human trafficking can include, but does not require, movement. Under the TVPA, people may be considered trafficking victims regardless of whether they were transported to the exploitative situation, previously consented to work for a trafficker, or participated in a crime as a direct result of being trafficked. At the heart of this phenomenon are the traffickers' aim to exploit and enslave their victims and the myriad of coercive and deceptive practices they use. Human trafficking is an opportunistic crime. Traffickers target all types of people: adults and children, women, men, and transgender individuals, citizens and noncitizens alike. No socioeconomic group is immune; new immigrants, Native Americans, runaways, the homeless, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth are particularly vulnerable. One of the most common assumptions about "average" trafficking victims is that they are vulnerable simply because they come from the poorest, most isolated communities, whether overseas or in the United States. Indeed, many do. Yet some victims, from a variety of backgrounds, have reported that their suffering began with their aspirations for a better life and a lack of options to fulfill them. That's where the traffickers come in. Exploiting these realities, traffickers appear to offer a solution - a good job, a brighter future, a safe home, or a sense of belonging, even love. They prey on their victims' hope and exploit their trust and confidence, coercing them into using themselves as collateral for that chance. Details: Washington, DC: President's Interagency Task Force, 2014. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224810.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224810.pdf Shelf Number: 132246 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade Title: Shifting the Burden: Inquiry to assess the operation of the current legal settlement on prostitution in England and Wales Summary: The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade was formed in 2008. The group's purpose is twofold: 1. to raise awareness around the impact of the sale of sexual services on those involved 2. to develop proposals for government action with a focus on tackling demand for the sex trade. The last major government consideration of prostitution law was the Home Office Review on Tackling Demand for Prostitution in 2008, which was followed by the changes brought in by the Policing and Crime Act 2009. Since then, the focus of government has been on practical approaches rather than on the law. Whilst identifying and sharing good practice is a valuable exercise, the APPG felt that more must be done at a legislative level to address the gendered imbalance of harm that exists within prostitution. Therefore the APPG felt it necessary to commission a parliamentary Inquiry to assess the operation of the current legal settlement, and to identify whether legislation to tackle demand might safeguard those in danger of exploitation and abuse. Key Findings The Inquiry received 413 submissions of evidence from individuals including those with personal experience of prostitution, those who are working to provide support through agencies and organisations, and members of Police forces and local councils. When asked about the current legal settlement, only 7% of respondents to the question considered the current laws on prostitution to be effective and consistent in safeguarding those involved in prostitution.3 When assessing the written and oral evidence, the Inquiry focused on how the law operates at four critical levels: legislation, policing and enforcement, entry into and exit from prostitution, and cultural attitudes. The Inquiry found that at each of these four levels the law is incoherent at best and detrimental at worst. The legal settlement around prostitution sends no clear signals to women who sell sex, men who purchase it, courts and the criminal justice system, the police or local authorities. In practice, those who sell sexual services coercion and violence. This serves to normalise the purchase and stigmatise the sale of sexual services - and undermines efforts to minimise entry into and promote exit from prostitution. Moreover, legislation does not adequately address the gendered imbalance of harm within prostitution, and as such is detrimental to wider strategies which pursue gender equality. Details: London: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade, 2014. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2014 at: http://prostitutionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/UK-shifting-the-burden-Mar-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://prostitutionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/UK-shifting-the-burden-Mar-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 132305 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution (U.K.) Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mendes Bota, Jose Title: Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a hideous human rights violation and one of the most lucrative activities for criminal organisations worldwide. It occurs for various purposes, including forced labour, criminality and organ removal. In Europe, trafficking for sexual exploitation is by far the most widespread form: an estimated 84% of victims are trafficked for this purpose. Efforts to tackle trafficking in human beings have intensified in the last decade but remain insufficient. As transnational trafficking represents the greatest part of this phenomenon, harmonisation of legal standards and effective international co-operation in criminal matters are crucial to succeed in the fight against human trafficking. The lack of reliable and comparable data on prostitution and trafficking in Europe is a major barrier to making and implementing effective policies against trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation. Creating a Europe-wide data collection system on prostitution and trafficking is therefore crucial. As a pan-European organisation, the Council of Europe has an important role to play in promoting such a data collection system. Some Council of Europe member States have drawn up prostitution regulations and policies aimed at countering trafficking by curbing the demand for victims. This is true of Sweden, together with Iceland and Norway. The "Swedish approach", based on criminalising the purchase of sexual services, is currently under consideration by legislators in several European countries as a possible tool for tackling trafficking. While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings. Irrespective of the legal approach adopted, prostitution regulations should include harm-reduction measures aimed at countering the negative effects of prostitution on the people involved and supporting those who wish to leave the sex industry. Details: Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Doc. 13446: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Shelf Number: 132324 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. Department of Justice Title: Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 Summary: In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Obama Administration reaffirmed the American values of freedom and equality by asking federal agencies to develop a plan to strengthen services for victims of human trafficking. Coordination, Collaboration, Capacity, the Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 (the Plan) embraces these principles and builds on the progress that our Nation has made in combating human trafficking and modern day forms of slavery through government action, as well as partnerships with allied professionals and concerned citizens. As our understanding of the scope and impact of human trafficking evolved over the years, we now recognize a more complex web of exploitation affecting diverse communities across the country. Today, we acknowledge that human trafficking affects U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, adults and children, and men, women, and transgender individuals who are victimized across a wide range of commercial sex and forced labor schemes. This Plan details a series of coordinated actions to strengthen the reach and effectiveness of services provided to all victims of human trafficking, regardless of the victims' race, color, national origin, disability, religion, age, gender, immigration status, sexual orientation, or the type of trafficking they endured. The purpose of this Plan is to describe the steps that federal agencies will take to ensure that all victims of human trafficking in the United States are identified and have access to the services they need to recover. This includes steps to create a victim services network that is comprehensive, trauma-informed, and responsive to the needs of all victims. While prevention and prosecution activities fall outside the scope of this document, the Administration recognizes that addressing human trafficking through prevention, exploring and implementing demand reduction strategies, and using prosecution to hold offenders accountable are critical elements in the U.S. Government's comprehensive approach to combating all forms of human trafficking. The Plan focuses on providing and coordinating support for victims and it aligns with all other efforts of the Federal Government to eliminate human trafficking and prevent further victimization, particularly as outlined in the Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Plan identifies several "core values" related to trafficking victims' services and key areas for improving service delivery. Recognizing that government alone cannot stop this insidious crime, the Plan is written to appeal to a wide audience in order to bring additional resources, expertise, and partnerships to end human trafficking and better support victims. For example, public awareness must be increased to engage more stakeholders and increase victim identification. There must also be an expansion of access to victim services. Finally, the quality of the services, not merely the quantity, must be addressed to ensure that victims are supported throughout their long-term journey as survivors. The Plan lays out four goals, eight objectives, and contains more than 250 associated action items for victim service improvements that can be achieved during the next 5 years. Federal agencies will coordinate efforts and work toward each of these goals simultaneously. Actions to improve victim identification are woven through each of the goals. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, 2014. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2014 at: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Shelf Number: 132396 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Human Trafficking Victims Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Victim Services

Author: Coumans, Sara Vida Title: How Age Matters: Exploring Contemporary Dutch Debates on Age and Sex Work Summary: Social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands use 'age' as an instrument to create binaries between adults and young people. The concept 'chronological age' assumes that age is a static feature and supports the process of categorization; however, age is a socially constructed phenomenon and has an embodied experience that is gendered. The objective of this research is to understand the role of 'age' in shaping social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands, by analyzing how age is understood by those involved in the design and implementation of policies related to sex work in The Netherlands. Details: The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 2014. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Working Paper Series / General Series , No. 588: Accessed June 14, 2014 at: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/51411 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands URL: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/51411 Shelf Number: 132455 Keywords: Age Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Netherlands) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Freccero, Julie Title: Safe Haven: Sheltering Displaced Persons from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence. Case Study: Thailand Summary: With one of the longest-running civil wars in history, Burma has been plagued by internal conflict between a military-backed government and many ethnic minority insurgent groups for over six decades. Widespread human rights abuses, the confiscation of land, the destruction of villages, and livelihood vulnerability have forcibly displaced millions of people in Eastern Burma, primarily ethnic minorities. Many flee to neighboring Thailand, where an estimated 142,000 Burmese refugees reside in camps along the border and over two million Burmese migrants live throughout Thailand as a whole. Without access to official refugee status in Thailand, Burmese asylum seekers are allowed to temporarily reside in one of the nine camps along the Thailand-Burma border. If they leave the camps without proper documentation, however, they are generally regarded as illegal migrants and are subject to arrest, detention, and deportation by Thai authorities. In the refugee camps, it is believed that insufficient resources, protracted confinement, and high rates of alcohol use contribute, to a high incidence of domestic violence. Service providers have also documented rape, sexual exploitation, and trafficking as significant problems. Outside the camps, local women's groups have identified domestic violence, rape, and trafficking as significant problems in migrant communities. Reporting of this violence is rare, however, as it exposes undocumented migrants to arrest and deportation. Additionally, limited economic opportunity and the undocumented or temporary legal status of migrants leave many vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse by employers, Thai authorities, and others in their communities. In an era of increased attention to conflict-related violence, we are now beginning to understand the continuum of sexual and gender-based harm that men, women, and children can suffer during armed conflict, in flight, and while temporarily resettled in refugee or internal displacement camps. Violence such as rape, gang rape, sexual torture, and sexual slavery can occur during periods of armed conflict, perpetrated by different actors for different reasons. Those fleeing a conflict may still be susceptible to rape, sexual exploitation, or trafficking while attempting to secure transport, cross borders, and find lodging. Finally, even after flight - whether to refugee or internal displacement camps or within urban centers - vulnerability to harm persists, perhaps due to a lack of protective networks, immigration status, or basic resources. In fact, displacement is believed to increase vulnerability through new and exacerbating conditions, such as the breakdown of family and community ties, collapsed gender roles, limited access to resources, insufficient security, and inadequate housing in camp settings. When refugees or internally displaced persons experience sexual and gender-based violence, their needs can be particularly urgent and complex. Survivors may experience compounded levels of physical or psychological distress resulting from individual and collective harms suffered. Unfortunately, multisectoral service options are often scarce in forced displacement settings. It is important to better understand the options for immediate physical shelter that exist in these contexts. In addition to providing immediate physical protection, programs that provide shelter to displaced persons fleeing sexual and gender-based violence may help to facilitate access to other critical services in resource-constrained settings. However, data about shelter-providing programs in such contexts is extremely limited. Evidence-based information about shelter models, client and staff needs, service challenges, and strategies is urgently required to inform policy, programming, and implementation guidance for international, national, and local entities that design or oversee these protection programs. Details: Berkeley, CA: Human Rights Center, University of California - Berkeley, School of Law, 2013. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2014 at: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/HRC/SS_Thailand_web.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/HRC/SS_Thailand_web.pdf Shelf Number: 132528 Keywords: Domestic Violence Gender-Based Violence Human Trafficking Rape Refugees Sexual Exploitation Victim Services Violence Against Women

Author: Horn, Rebecca Title: Safe Haven: Sheltering Displaced Persons from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence. Case Study: Kenya Summary: In the first eight months of 2012, the Dadaab refugee camp complex at the Kenya-Somalia border registered nearly 6,000 new arrivals from Somalia, bringing the total population of the northeastern camps to 474,000. If the Dadaab complex were a city, it would be Kenya's third largest, after Nairobi and Mombasa. A similar population explosion occurred on the other side of the country, in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya's northwest. Nearly 13,000 new refugees were registered between January to August 2012, mostly from South Sudan. The total camp population is now over 101,000. By August 2012, the total number of registered refugees and asylum-seekers in Kenya came to over 630,000-with 55,000 of these residing having migrated internally to Nairobi.2 Camp overpopulation and ongoing security concerns have led to extreme resource constraints and protection challenges. UNHCR's implementing partners report cases of aggression within the camps, including rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence. Further south in the country, 664,000 Kenyan citizens were displaced as a result of the post-election violence that occurred immediately after December 2007's presidential election results were announced.3 During the two months of inter-ethnic conflict that ensued, approximately 1000 cases of sexual and gender-based violence were treated by the two major gender violence clinics in Nairobi.4 Today, many Kenyans remain displaced, with entire camp communities still clustered in central and western Kenya. Security and service delivery to the camps is low. Rates of sexual and gender-based violence are difficult to assess, but assumed to be largely underreported. In an era of increased attention to conflict-related violence, we are now beginning to understand the continuum of sexual and gender-based harm that men, women, and children can suffer during armed conflict, in flight, and while temporarily resettled in refugee or internal displacement camps. Violence such as rape, gang rape, and sexual torture or slavery can occur during periods of armed conflict and may be perpetrated by different actors for different reasons. Those fleeing a conflict may still be susceptible to rape, sexual exploitation, or trafficking while attempting to secure transport, cross borders, and find lodging. Finally, even in settlement-whether in refugee or internal displacement camps or in urban centers-vulnerability to harm persists due to a number of factors, including lack of protective networks, immigration status, and basic resources. Displacement also increases vulnerability through new and exacerbating conditions, including the breakdown of family and community ties, collapsed gender roles, limited access to resources, insufficient security, and inadequate housing in camp settings. Refugees and internally displaced persons fleeing armed conflict or even natural disasters have few options for immediate physical protection from sexual or gender-based violence-either during flight or in camps. Further, the needs of refugees or internally displaced persons who also experience sexual and gender-based violence are likely to be urgent and complex. They may experience compounded levels of physical or psychological distress stemming from both conflict-related displacement and their experience of sexual and gender-based violence. Providing services to people with such complex vulnerabilities requires multisectoral approaches that address the special needs created by these circumstances. It is important to better understand the options for immediate safe shelter that exist in these contexts. In addition to providing immediate physical protection, programs that shelter those fleeing sexual and gender-based violence may help to facilitate access to other critical services in resource-constrained displacement settings. However, data about shelter-providing programs in these contexts is extremely limited. Evidence-based information about shelter models, client and staff needs, service challenges, and strategies is urgently required to inform policy, programming, and implementation guidance for international, national, or local entities that design or oversee these protection programs. Details: Berkeley, CA: Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, 2013. 113p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2014 at: http://www.unhcr.org/51b6e2fd9.html Year: 2013 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.unhcr.org/51b6e2fd9.html Shelf Number: 132529 Keywords: Gender-Based Violence Human Trafficking Rape Refugees Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Victim Services Violence Against Women

Author: Overs, Cheryl Title: Sex Workers, Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation in Ethiopia Summary: This case study explores economic, legal and social issues that affect sex workers, with a particular focus on the role of poverty in sex workers' lives and the potential for poverty alleviation policies and programmes to help lift as many sex workers as possible out of poverty in order to reduce the exploitation, illness and violence associated with their work. In surveys, sex workers overwhelmingly indicate they would like another occupation, particularly in very poor countries. This has been taken to mean that relieving the poverty of individual sex workers will lead them to stop or reduce sex work. On this analysis, reduced poverty will mean that the number of women entering the sex industry, or staying in it, will be reduced and/or that the harm associated with sex work would be diminished because the numbers of partners or of unprotected sexual contacts would reduce. However, the validity of this logic and the benefits, costs and consequences (intended and unintended) of poverty alleviation in the context of sex work have not been tested or even well documented. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Evidence Report No. 80: Accessed July 2, 2014 at: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/4095/ER80%20Sex%20Workers,%20Empowerment%20and%20Poverty%20Alleviation%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf;jsessionid=463FC214B1F9522DE9DD86F5253E3051?sequence=3 Year: 2014 Country: Ethiopia URL: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/4095/ER80%20Sex%20Workers,%20Empowerment%20and%20Poverty%20Alleviation%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf;jsessionid=463FC214B1F9522DE9DD86F5253E3051?sequence=3 Shelf Number: 132614 Keywords: Poverty Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Reichert, Jessica Title: National survey of residential programs for victims of sex trafficking Summary: Through a survey, researchers sought to learn about residential programs for trafficking victims in the U.S. The purpose was to share available programs and services with other jurisdictions to better serve victims of trafficking. A listing of programs identified through the survey is provided in Appendix B. The following are key findings about residential programs for victims of sex trafficking in the U.S. Nationally, a total of 33 residential programs were found to be currently operational and exclusive to trafficking victims with a total of 682 beds, two in Illinois. Residential programs were open in 16 states and the District of Columbia; California had the most with nine residential programs offering 371 beds for victims. The Western region of the country had the most residential programs for victims with 59 percent of the total beds available there. In California, there were ten residential programs with approximately 54 percent of all beds for trafficking victims. Twenty-eight states had no residential programs for victims of sex trafficking and no plans to open any. Most of the programs accepted both domestic and international victims (64 percent) and 36 percent were exclusive to victims of domestic sex trafficking. Most available beds in residential programs (75 percent) were designated for minor victims of sex trafficking. Of the surveyed programs, there were fewer than 28 beds for male victims of sex trafficking. All but one of the residential programs indicated they offer residential services 24-hours a day, seven days a week. Twenty-eight of the 37 operational facilities have aftercare services for the victims leaving the residential program. Many agencies indicated that they would be opening a residential program�a total of 27 programs offering 354 more beds. Details: Chicago, IL: The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2013. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 25, 2014 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/NSRHVST_101813.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/NSRHVST_101813.pdf Shelf Number: 132776 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victim Services

Author: Seelinger, Kim Thuy Title: Safe Haven: Sheltering Displaced Persons from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence. Case Study: Haiti Summary: As part of its Sexual Violence Program, the Human Rights Center conducted a one-year study in 2012 to explore and improve understanding of the options for immediate, temporary shelter for refugees, internally displaced persons, and other migrants fleeing sexual and gender-based violence in countries affected by conflict or natural disaster. We define shelter flexibly. For example, it may be in the form of a traditional safe house, or a network of community members' homes, or other safe spaces coordinated by a base organization. Our aim was to generate research-based evidence to inform donors, policymakers, and international and local actors about types of relevant models, priority challenges, and promising practices. The study focused on three key objectives: 1. Identify and describe shelter models available to refugees, the internally displaced, and migrants fleeing sexual and gender-based violence. 2. Identify unique challenges experienced by staff and residents in these settings and explore strategies to respond to these challenges. 3. Explore protection needs and options for particularly marginalized victim groups, such as male survivors, sexual minorities, sex workers, and people with disabilities. The aim and objectives were the same across each of the studies, carried out in Colombia, Haiti, Kenya, and Thailand. Our research focused primarily on programs that served communities of refugees, migrants, and internally displaced persons, including those operating in a camp setting. We also studied mainstream shelters to identify protection options and innovations in urban settings. Study outputs include four country-specific reports and one comparative assessment that contain guiding considerations for the UNHCR and other stakeholders involved in the provision of protection to these populations. The Haitian landscape of shelters for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence changed quickly after the 2010 earthquake. Two major safe houses suddenly ceased to operate. One was the Centre Yvonne Hakim Rimpel, run by the Ministere a la Condition Feminine et aux Droits des Femmes (hereinafter Women's Ministry) and funded in part by Eve Ensler's V-Day. The other was a short-term emergency house run by the women's rights organization Kay Fanm. In their place, post-earthquake Haiti saw a proliferation of new shelter efforts supported by international donors, including several of the programs we visited. Our researchers conducted interviews with staff and residents in six shelter programs, including the following: - three traditional safe houses run by local women's rights groups; - one independent living arrangement program funded by a private US-based foundation; - one LGBT rights group that did not run a formal shelter, but which provided ad hoc access to a community host network; - one hybrid shelter space that consisted of dormitory space downstairs in the office of a women's rights organization. We also learned of other developing shelter options, such as temporary plywood housing, or "T-shelters," erected by various international groups in certain camps, an IOM project in Croix-des-Bouquets, and a safe house planned by the French Red Cross in conjunction with a local Haitian organization in Petit Goave. However, these emerging programs were not included in our study sample. Details: Berkeley, CA: Human Rights Center, University of California - Berkeley, School of Law, 2013. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://www.unhcr.org/51b6e2b29.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.unhcr.org/51b6e2b29.pdf Shelf Number: 133038 Keywords: Domestic Violence Gender-Based Violence (Haiti) Human Trafficking Rape Refugees Sexual Exploitation Victim Services Violence Against Women

Author: McNeish, Di Title: Women and Girls at Risk: Evidence across the life course Summary: This evidence review was produced to inform a new cross-sector Alliance which aims to make a difference to the lives of women and girls at risk of homelessness, sexual exploitation, involvement in crime, drugs, mental health problems. We ask the question 'why gender matters' and highlight three sets of factors which have a gendered impact on the lives of women and girls: social inequalities, gender expectations and abuse and violence. Despite the last 40 years of feminism, girls are still born into a world structured by inequality - they earn less and enjoy less freedom than men. Poverty is more likely to affect women - and some women are more likely to be poor than others: the unemployment rates among Black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women has remained twice that of white women since 1972. Girls and women are at greater risk of all kinds of interpersonal violence and abuse and those with multiple experience of violence and abuse across the life-course have the poorest outcomes. The idea that boys and girls are encouraged (even 'socialised') into different behaviours and choices, and that this is problematic for equality, has been out of fashion in recent years. However, there remains strong evidence that different gendered expectations have a profound effect on all our lives - and women who do not conform are often viewed as doubly deviant. The review goes on to explore risks and interventions across the life-course from early years to adulthood and considers what are potentially effective forms of support at each life stage. Despite a vast literature on the 'problems' of women and girls at risk, we found surprisingly little of the 'what works' research has paid much attention to gender differences. Much of the evidence that does exist comes from the U.S. In the UK, there is a range of undoubtedly excellent services for women that are hampered by a lack of consistent evaluation of their effectiveness. Details: North Dalton, East Yorkshire, UK: DMSS Research & Consultancy, 2014. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2014 at: http://www.dmss.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/women-girls-at-risk-v2c.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.dmss.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/women-girls-at-risk-v2c.pdf Shelf Number: 133044 Keywords: At-Risk Youth Female Crime Female Juvenile Offenders Female Offenders (U.K.) Gender-Based Violence Sexual Exploitation

Author: Maduro, Letizia Title: A Situational Analysis of Aruba's Response to Human Trafficking Summary: The Aruba Anti-Human Trafficking and Smuggling Taskforce was formed in 2007 as an interdepartmental and interdisciplinary committee to fight human trafficking and migrant smuggling. The following Aruban Government agencies are represented in the Taskforce: the Aruba Police Force (Chair), the National Security Service, the Public Prosecutor's Office, the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Social Affairs, the Victim Assistance Bureau, the Department of Labour and Research, the Directorate of Alien Integration, Policy and Admission, the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard, Aruban Border Control and Immigration Services, and the Department of Contagious Diseases. Since the National Plan of Action against Human Trafficking 2008-2010 (hereafter the "Plan of Action") was presented in 2008, the Taskforce has completed several initiatives for the education and training of government officials, guidance and support to possible victims, the establishment of a telephone helpline and availability of emergency shelter. In addition, the Taskforce also advocated for changes to relevant laws and regulations. The awareness campaign entitled "Open Your Eyes" was announced in April 2011. Campaign posters and flyers were put up in October 2011, on the National Day against Human Trafficking. The posters and flyers are available in Dutch, English, Papiamento and Spanish. The campaign is designed to inform the general public about human trafficking, with particular focus on its "invisibility." It also shows the public how to recognize the signs of human trafficking and promotes a telephone number for help on the matter. In June 2012, Aruba's Anti-Human Trafficking and Smuggling National Coordinator received the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Award from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in recognition of an extraordinary commitment to uncovering human trafficking cases, raising public awareness with a limited budget and finding alternative methods to provide protection services to victims of trafficking. This important recognition of the Taskforce's work during the previous five years made it clear that even small island nations like Aruba, with its limited financial and human resources, can make a difference in the fight against human trafficking. While only a few cases of human trafficking are reported annually and no convictions have been made yet, the Taskforce members are committed to working together and with other agencies to raise awareness on human trafficking, prosecute traffickers and bring needed assistance to victims of trafficking. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration, 2013. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/2013/IOM_Situational_Analysis_Aruba_9Aug.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Central America URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/2013/IOM_Situational_Analysis_Aruba_9Aug.pdf Shelf Number: 129894 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Aruba) Media Campaigns Migrant Smuggling Sexual Exploitation

Author: Thomas, Chantal Title: International Law against Sex Trafficking, in Perspective Summary: This study places international law on sex trafficking in a broad theoretical and historical context. First, it identifies the international law on sex trafficking as part of an "international law of prohibitionism" that operates as a particular kind of response to and management of globalization. Second, this study identifies dynamic forces both "external to" and "internal to" law that lead to prohibitionism. "External" factors refer to economic, sociological and cultural phenomena that seem to have triggered the turn to prohibition. The international legal framework responds to and reflects these external sociological factors; these factors are also productive of state power for the purposes of policing illegal transactions. Taking an historical approach, it is possible to construct a loose parallel between prohibitionism during the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. If such dynamics helped secure the basis for the modern administrative state in the early 20th century, by supporting the consolidation of national police power, they may undergird and reinforce the expansion, not only of national, but also of international legal authority, in the 21st. The study's "internal" factors are social and legal concepts that determine the formulation, interpretation and application of a legal test. This internal analysis here examines the interaction within doctrinal structures of the dichotomy between legal consent and legal coercion, and of the mediating concepts of normality and abnormality. Both external and internal factors buttress the international law of prohibition as a basis for the expansion of state authority and of the authoritativeness of international law. Third, the study refines the historical context mentioned above to look at the international law against sex trafficking in particular. In the last great era of unregulated economic expansionism, the turn of the 19th century, concerns similar to anti-trafficking were in wide circulation, but expressed under the rubric of "white slavery." The earlier law, and the discourse surrounding it, exhibited some of the same features as the contemporary law. Finally, this study suggests that, whatever the moralistic or misguided features of prohibitionism, its rise may also prefigure a transition to broader market regulation. Prohibitionism is deeply implicated in a laisser-faire approach to law; it is the mirror image of, but also the continuation of, the vast apparatus necessary to maintain a market-oriented regulatory posture. It provides a vocabulary - mediated by constructs of 'abnormality,' or 'extraordinary' cases - to enable the discussion of market controls in an ideological environment in which such discussion might otherwise be discouraged. Even as it supports the market, however, prohibitionism is also associated with a set of concerns about the market's potentially harmful effects. Under the ideological constraints of laisser-fair-ism, concerns relating to the abuses of the deregulated market may tend to focus on extraordinary cases. Such concerns, however, though first expressed about "abnormal" contracts (such as those related to the trafficking of persons), may turn out slowly to gain sufficient currency to apply to "ordinary," "normal" contracts. As legal subjects, women seem to have provided the template for this discursive transformation in both historical eras (consider that the West Coast Hotel case that ended the Lochner era addressed the social need to protect women in the workplace). If the study's suggestions are accurate, then, prohibitionism may signal a change from the view that market regulation must be exceptional to an understanding of its pervasive importance. Details: Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School, 2014. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-85 : Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274095 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274095 Shelf Number: 133134 Keywords: Criminal Law Feminist Legal Theory Human trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Human Trafficking and the State Courts Collaborative Title: A Guide to Human Trafficking for State Courts Summary: The National Association for Court Management Guide to Addressing Human Trafficking in the State Courts (HT Guide) provides state court practitioners a comprehensive resource for: - clarifying the types and dynamics of sex and labor human trafficking involving U.S. citizens and foreign nationals present in jurisdictions across the nation; - identifying how traffickers and victims might appear in different types of state court cases, including criminal, family, juvenile, child protection, ordinance violation, and civil cases; - accessing tools and guidelines for using the tools to help courts identify and process cases where trafficking is involved; and - accessing links to other resources to help courts address trafficking-related problems. HT Guide is intended to support the efforts of courts not only in their traditional role of independent adjudicators, but also in their role as justice system and community leaders. Consequently, even though state court judges and personnel are the primary audience for the HT Guide, we are confident that numerous other groups concerned about human trafficking- such as health and human service organizations, law enforcement agencies, and victim advocates- should find it valuable too. In large part, because the role of state courts in addressing human trafficking is a recent topic to many court practitioners, the HT Guide includes considerable background and context-defining information about numerous aspects of human trafficking as well as practical guidelines and tools for directly assisting court practitioners in cases involving traffickers and trafficking victims. Chapter 1: Addressing Human Trafficking in the State Courts: Background and Approach Chapter 2: Community Courts, Specialized Dockets, and Other Approaches to Address Sex Trafficking Chapter 3: Human Trafficking and Immigrant Victims Chapter 4: Child Trafficking Victims and the State Courts Chapter 5: Identifying and Responding to Sex Trafficking Chapter 6: Ethical Issues for Judges and Court Practitioners in Human Trafficking-Involved Cases Chapter 7: The Affordable Care Act: Assisting Victims of Human Trafficking in Rebuilding Their Lives Chapter 8: Tribal Justice and Sex Trafficking Chapter 9: Addressing Complexities of Language and Culture in Human Trafficking-Involved Cases Chapter 10: Labor Trafficking Chapter 11: Human Trafficking Education Resources for Judges and Court Practitioners Details: Denver, CO: Human Trafficking and the State Courts Collaborative, 2014. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2014 at: http://www.htcourts.org/wp-content/uploads/Full_HTGuide_desktopVer_140902.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.htcourts.org/wp-content/uploads/Full_HTGuide_desktopVer_140902.pdf Shelf Number: 133187 Keywords: Child Protection Human Traffickers Human Trafficking (U.S.) Immigrant Victims Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation State Courts Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Brazil Ministry of Justice Title: Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Border Areas Summary: Behind the scenes of the festivities surrounding Brazil's hosting of the football World Cup this summer, vulnerable Brazilians and immigrants were being trafficked into exploitation for many different purposes, including football itself. New research on trafficking in children, women and men at the Brazilian land borders identified forms of exploitation that were previously unknown to policy-makers and researchers. From the Amazon to the Iguazu Falls, a team of researchers conducted field research in the regional capitals of all eleven border states in Brazil - along a land border that is 16,886 km long, and separates Brazil from nine other South American countries and a French overseas territory. The resulting research report, Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Border Areas of Brazil, was launched in Portuguese in Brasilia late last year and has just been published in English and Spanish. Brazil's recent rapid economic growth, largely based on tapping into its vast natural resources, has led to situations of labour and sex trafficking for men, women and children. Both Brazilian and foreign, they are exploited at hydroelectric power plants, in mines, on plantations and on cattle ranches. Some children and adults were also identified as trafficked for exploitation in illegal activities, such as illegal logging, drug cultivation, drug trafficking and the smuggling of contraband goods. Sexual exploitation remains the most common form of trafficking identified, and affects girls, boys, young transgender women and girls, and adult women, both with and without prior experience working in the sex industry. Girls from impoverished rural families are also trafficked into wealthier families under the guise of an informal fostering system that would allow them to receive an education. This system is then abused to exploit the girls through domestic work. Boys are taken to and from Brazil with promises of success as professional footballers, but neither they nor their families receive the promised payments. A clear geographical pattern emerges from this research, which was funded by the Brazilian government and coordinated by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), headquartered in Vienna, in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Sexual exploitation was most commonly reported in the Northern border region, whereas forced labour was more commonly identified in the Centre and South Region. The report also reveals a pattern to the profiles of trafficked people; some indigenous groups, women, children and transgender women can be more vulnerable. While there may be some fear of reporting trafficking and exploitation to the authorities, many trafficked people and their families are in such a state of economic and social vulnerability that they see no viable alternative to being trafficked and exploited in order to survive. The Brazilian Minister of Justice, Jose Eduardo Cardozo, who launched the research in Brasilia in October of last year, calls trafficking an "underground" crime, because of the lack of police records. According to Cardozo, 'the research identified a permissive culture that legitimises the commission of the crime. Without numbers, it is difficult to carry out an efficient investigation and to effectively combat trafficking.' Among the recommendations ensuing from the assessment is for Brazil to develop its migration policy with a focus on providing assistance to migrants, including trafficked people, as well as to improve local service provision and public policies to ameliorate the individual, social and situational vulnerability of potential trafficking victims in the border area. Clearly, the opportunity to earn an income through some form of decent work would go a long way in preventing these situations from arising. Details: Brussels: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2013. . 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2014 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/2014/Enafron_IN_web.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/2014/Enafron_IN_web.pdf Shelf Number: 133281 Keywords: Border Security Drug Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Brazil) Sexual Exploitation Smuggling

Author: Sprandel, Marcia Title: Transatlantic Journeys: An Exploratory Research on Human Trafficking from Brazil to Italy and Portugal Summary: The exploratory research "Transatlantic Journeys" on human trafficking from Brazil to Italy and Portugal was conducted in the framework of the EU funded project "Promoting Transnational Partnerships: Preventing and Responding to Trafficking in Human Beings from Brazil to EU Member States", which aims at contributing to combat trafficking in human beings by reducing the incidence of trafficking from Brazil to EU Member States, particularly Portugal and Italy, in the medium to long term. This publication presents and analyses the findings of the exploratory research, which was conducted by three different research teams, working independently in Brazil, Italy and Portugal. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2011. 290p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2014 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD-Website_2011/Capacity_building/THB/Publications/Transatlantic_Journeys.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD-Website_2011/Capacity_building/THB/Publications/Transatlantic_Journeys.pdf Shelf Number: 133291 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Brazil, Italy, Portugal) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bachan, Keshet Title: Girls in Cyberspace: Dangers and Opportunities. Summary: "Girls in Cyberspace: Dangers and Opportunities" examines both the challenges and empowering possibilities facing girls when accessing ICTs (Information Communication Technologies). In many ways, technology has facilitated girls' ability to do what they were already doing: connecting, learning and sharing. ICTs have also increased their opportunities to do these things and to interact beyond their immediate communities. Although adolescent girls are not a homogenous group, and the way they choose to interact with ICTs may vary according to their location, social-economic status, capacity for mobility and personal inclination, there are some common threads emerging from Plan's analysis. Based on original research undertaken in Brazil by Plan for the 2010 "Because I am a Girl" report (together with the Child Protection Partnership), this paper will outline the opportunities ICTs provide adolescent girls and analyze the potential dangers and exploitative behaviours that are facilitated through them. Details: Warwick, RI: Plan-International, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2014 at: http://www.planusa.org/becauseiamagirl/docs/girlsincyberspace.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.planusa.org/becauseiamagirl/docs/girlsincyberspace.pdf Shelf Number: 133787 Keywords: Child Protection Information Technologies Internet Crimes (Brazil) Internet Safety Sexual Exploitation

Author: President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships (U.S.) Title: Building Partnerships to Eradicate Modern-Day Slavery: Report of Recommendations to the President Summary: There are more slaves in the world today than at any other point in human history, with an estimated 21 million in bondage across the globe. Every 30 seconds another person becomes a victim of human trafficking. Trafficking in persons, or modern-day slavery, mars every corner of the globe and manifests itself in a debasement of our common humanity that is completely at odds with religious and ethical teachings alike. This heinous crime robs tens of millions of people of their basic freedom and dignity. Victims of modern-day slavery include U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, children and adults, who are trapped in forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation, with little hope of escape. Trafficking in persons is estimated to be one of the top-grossing criminal industries in the world, with traffickers profiting an estimated $32 billion every year. The extraordinary reach of this crime is shocking-with cases reported in virtually every country in the world, including in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and U.S. territories and insular areas. This report is a call to action for our government to partner with all parts of the American citizenry, including philanthropic organizations, the business community, institutions of higher education, and the non-profit sector, both religious and secular, to eradicate modern-day slavery. Our country's leadership is urgently needed to fight this heinous crime. Details: Washington, DC: The Advisory Council, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2014 at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Shelf Number: 133812 Keywords: Faith-Based Groups Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Canadian Women's Foundation Title: Summary: The Task Force was mandated to investigate the nature and extent of sex trafficking and recommend a national anti-trafficking strategy to the Canadian Women's Foundation's Board of Directors. This strategy would address service needs and gaps, public awareness and prevention strategies, legal and law enforcement issues, sector capacity building and training, government policy and funding, and philanthropic strategies. Over the following 18 months, the Task Force gathered for eight two-day meetings, with additional phone meetings and research between meetings. During these meetings we heard from over 20 Canadian and international experts, practitioners and advocates, undertook and reviewed environmental scans as well as other research prepared by Canadian Women's Foundation staff. For example: - We commissioned three research papers: - An Assessment of Sex Trafficking in Canada, by Nicole Barrett, J.D., M.I.A., B.A., Director of Global Justice Associates and a Senior Scholar in Residence at New York University Law School's Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. - Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls: Literature Review by the Native Women's Association of Canada. - Laws to Combat Sex Trafficking: An overview of international, national, provincial and municipal laws and their enforcement by Nicole Barrett and Dr. Margaret Shaw, Crime and Policy Consulting. - Met with 160 experiential women and over 260 organizations in Vancouver and Surrey, Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, Montreal, Halifax, and North Preston. - Conducted an on-line survey of agencies serving trafficked and sexually exploited women and girls - the first of its kind in Canada. The survey tool was reviewed by four independent researchers before it was sent to 1700 agencies. A total of 534 organizations responded. - Brought together 46 of Canada's leading providers of services for trafficked women and girls to a Service Provider Roundtable. The findings were compiled in the report, "We are at a critical moment." - Convened 20 women who had been trafficked into and within Canada to a National Experiential Women's Roundtable. The findings were compiled in the report, "We need to find our voices and say, "NO MORE." This report summarizes the Task Force's findings Our research led the Task Force to a shared conviction that sex trafficking is a serious threat to women's equality - one that must be addressed by the Canadian Women's Foundation and all Canadians. In the following pages, we present the case for ending sex trafficking of women and girls in Canada and our recommendations for action. This case is based on our understanding of the state of sex trafficking in Canada, informed by our research, the advice of those working in the field, and in particular, by the voices of women who have been sex-trafficked and sexually exploited. Details: Toronto: Canadian Women's Foundation, 2014. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NO%20MORE.%20Task%20Force%20Report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NO%20MORE.%20Task%20Force%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 133877 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Canada) Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: Native Women's Association of Canada Title: Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Aboriginal Women and Girls - Literature Review and Key Informant Interviews Summary: This research was prepared for the Canadian Women's Foundation's National Task Force on Trafficking of Women and Girls. This research will form a comprehensive picture on the state of human trafficking for sexual exploitation of Aboriginal women and girls in Canada. The review will help to inform the work of NWAC and the Canadian Women's Foundation's Task Force and aid in the Task Force's preparations to identify and suggest key solutions for a national anti- trafficking strategy effectively addressing sexual exploitation of Aboriginal women and girls in Canada. Details: Toronto: Canadian Women's Foundation, 2014. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NWAC%20Sex%20Trafficking%20Literature%20Review_2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//NWAC%20Sex%20Trafficking%20Literature%20Review_2.pdf Shelf Number: 133878 Keywords: Aboriginals Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barrett, Nicole A. Title: Laws to Combat Sex Trafficking: An Overview of International, National, Provincial and Municipal Laws and their Enforcement Summary: This report examines current legislation, regulations and law enforcement issues relating to human trafficking for sexual exploitation at four levels: the international, national, state/provincial, and municipal. The report is part of on-going research for the Task Force on the Trafficking of Women and Girls in Canada, convened by the Canadian Women's Foundation (CWF). A previous research report to the Task Force discusses the incidence of sex trafficking in Canada as well as specific issues of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Canada and the impacts on women and girls in particular. The overall purpose of the research is to analyze Canada's legal framework for addressing sex trafficking, place Canada's current legislative responses to sex trafficking at federal, provincial and municipal levels in the context of international obligations and recent developments in other countries, and to examine possible responses and innovative practices for the law and law enforcement. The report is intended to aid the Task Force in formulating its programming and policy responses to the significant problem of sexual exploitation of women and girls in Canada. The report is divided into six main sections, which look at the context in which legislation should be considered, and examines the four levels of applicable law, including a brief discussion of internet regulation as it relates to sex trafficking. The six sections include: - An introduction, providing methodology and context - International protocols and obligations relating to sex trafficking and selected examples of foreign national and state/provincial legislation on human trafficking and prostitution - Canadian Federal legislation - Canadian Provincial legislation - Canadian Municipal regulation - Regulating the internet The final section of the report summarises the main issues arising from the research for further consideration by the Task Force. Summary charts on current international, Canadian Provincial and Municipal responses, and an overall matrix of legislative responses to trafficking for sexual exploitation are included as Appendices to the report (Appendices I-VII). Details: Toronto: Canadian Women's Foundation, 2013. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//Laws%20to%20Combat%20Sex%20Trafficking_2.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//Laws%20to%20Combat%20Sex%20Trafficking_2.pdf Shelf Number: 133880 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Internet Crimes Law and Legislation Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Perrin, Benjamin Title: How to Make Canada's New Prostitution Laws Work Summary: Bill C-36 (Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act) marks a turning point in Canada's approach to addressing prostitution that was spurred by the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford, which declared the old approach unconstitutional. This proposed legislation was recently passed by the House of Commons and has already been pre-studied by the Senate. It is expected to become law in the coming weeks. Under the new approach, prostitution is no longer considered merely a nuisance, but is recognized as inherently exploitative. While "johns," "pimps," and human traffickers are criminally liable, prostitutes generally are not. This is the right approach to this complex issue. It represents a major shift in how the harms of prostitution are characterized and confronted in the criminal law. It will require substantial work from governments, police, and civil society to ensure effective implementation. This brief Commentary highlights the major differences between the old and new approaches to addressing prostitution in Canada, discusses the anticipated Charter challenge to this new legislation that advocates for legalized/decriminalized prostitution have threatened, and identifies the next steps that are needed to ensure the effective implementation of Bill C-36. Details: Ottawa: Macdonald-Laurier Institute, 2014. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Commentary: Accessed November 12, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2516028 Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2516028 Shelf Number: 132058 Keywords: Criminal Law Prostitutes Prostitution (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Perrin, Benjamin Title: Oldest Profession or Oldest Oppression?: Addressing Prostitution after the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Canada v. Bedford Summary: The future of Canada's laws related to prostitution has become an urgent public policy issue in the wake of the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford. Three prostitution-related offences in the Criminal Code were found to infringe the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and are to be struck down, effective within one year. The Court's decision of December 20, 2013 has spurred a national debate on the issue as Parliament has this limited timeline to adopt any new legislative approach, or else Canada will face the de facto legalization of adult prostitution. Studies have painted a bleak picture of prostitution in Canada: - Street-level prostitution represents between 5-20 percent of all prostitution, the rest occurring indoors; - the majority of prostitutes entered prostitution between 14 and 20 years of age; - a disproportionate number of prostitutes were sexually abused as children; - substance abuse is significant among street prostitutes; and - marginalized women, including Aboriginal women, are particularly vulnerable to prostitution and more likely to face violence (including assaults, sexual assaults, and murder). Parliament has an opportunity to respond, within the general constitutional parameters that the Court has set. Decriminalizing/legalizing prostitution in the foreign jurisdictions reviewed in this paper (the Netherlands, New Zealand, Germany, Australia (Queensland), and the United States (Nevada)) has not been the hoped-for panacea for protecting prostitutes. Such an approach is not recommended. Canada should instead overhaul its prostitution laws. The starting point for such an approach could consist of three key components, inspired by an abolitionist model developed by Sweden and since adopted by other countries. The evidence from an independent inquiry is that such a model is working to reduce prostitution, change public attitudes, and undermine criminal elements and sex trafficking. First, going forward, Canada's objective should be to abolish prostitution. Its harms are inherent and cannot simply be regulated away. Second, prostitutes themselves should not be criminalized, but given support to help them exit. Leaving prostitution is the only way to truly protect prostitutes. In most provinces, this intensive assistance is sorely lacking. It has been suggested that the perpetrators of prostitution ("johns" and "pimps") should pay substantial fines that could be used to fund such services. There is merit in exploring this idea further. Finally, our criminal laws and enforcement should instead target pimps, traffickers, and johns with enhanced penalties - they are the perpetrators responsible for the harms of prostitution. Details: Ottawa: Macdonald-Laurier Institute, 2014. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2387042 Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2387042 Shelf Number: 134060 Keywords: Criminal Law Prostitution (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ferstman, Carla Title: Criminalizing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Peacekeepers Summary: Summary - Sexual exploitation and abuse continue to pervade peacekeeping missions, and peacekeepers benefit from near-total impunity. - Several seminal United Nations (UN) studies and expert reports provide a useful blueprint of where the gaps lie, what must be done to address them, and how to do so. - Zero-tolerance UN policies have focused on preventing new abuse and strengthening codes of conduct. These goals are laudable but undermined when not accompanied by consistent discipline and criminal accountability. - Despite eight years of annual resolutions that underscore the need to address the problems, there is no evidence of greater accountability. - More work is needed to finish the job. States are responsible for disciplining and punishing their troops, but the UN must do more to ensure that this happens. - The UN needs to work actively with states to bridge the gaps in domestic legislation by issuing written advice and publishing model legislation. - The UN should publicly name and shame those states that fail to investigate and prosecute credible cases. - The UN should refrain from accepting troop contingents from countries that repeatedly fail to live up to their written assurances to investigate and prosecute. - The memorandum of understanding governing the relationship between the UN and troop-contributing countries should be further revised to introduce greater conditionality into the acceptance and removal of troop contingents. Details: Washington, DC: United State Institute of Peace, 2013. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report: Accessed November 15, 2014 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR335-Criminalizing%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20and%20Abuse%20by%20Peacekeepers.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR335-Criminalizing%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20and%20Abuse%20by%20Peacekeepers.pdf Shelf Number: 134091 Keywords: Military Rape Sex Offenders Sex Offenses Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation

Author: Torres, Sol Title: Slavery and Human Trafficking in the 21st Century Summary: An estimated 30 million people are subject to modern day slavery, including forced labor and sexual exploitation. Moreover, the trafficking of human beings is one of the fastest growing transnational criminal activities. Not only is it an abuse of the human rights of the victims involved, but it also incurs social, political, and economic costs for the countries it most impacts. Providing first an overview of the global phenomenon of modern-day slavery, this paper proceeds to study the Greater Mekong Subregion for whose states human trafficking represents a serious challenge-one which requires a well-coordinated response to, among other measures, scrutinize labor contracts in risk economic sectors, enhance interstate cooperation, and more effectively identify and prosecute human traffickers. Details: Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2014. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Focus Asia, No. 10: Accessed November 18, 2014 at: http://www.isdp.eu/publications/index.php?option=com_jombib&task=showbib&id=6487 Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.isdp.eu/publications/index.php?option=com_jombib&task=showbib&id=6487 Shelf Number: 134132 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Asia) Sexual Exploitation Slavery

Author: Anderson, Sarah Title: Street Talk: An evaluation of a counselling service for women involved in street based prostitution and victims of trafficking Summary: Street Talk is a small charity providing psychological interventions ('talking therapies') alongside practical support, primarily to two groups of women: women who have been the victims of trafficking and those women involved in or exiting street based prostitution. In 2012, Revolving Doors Agency was asked by Street Talk founder and director, Pippa Hockton, to conduct both a process and outcome evaluation of the Street Talk service. Field work for the evaluation commenced at the end of October 2012 and concluded in June 2013. Evaluation aims - Describe Street Talk model - Describe service user base and other key stakeholders - Determine extent to which service activities were delivered as intended and aligned to service aims and objectives - Describe processes of: building and maintaining partnership working arrangements; development of shared aims and objectives; target group identification and access; and client engagement and service delivery - Examine facilitators and barriers to project implementation within each host organisation - Identify perceived value and outcomes for partner host organisations and users of the service - Identify and describe Street Talk's "theory of change". Details: London: Revolving Doors Agency, 2013. 99p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2014 at: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/documents/street-talk-evaluation/ Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/documents/street-talk-evaluation/ Shelf Number: 134163 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution (U.K.) Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kelly, Jocelyn Title: Assessment of Human Trafficking in Artisanal Mining Towns in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Summary: Human trafficking is a fundamental violation of human rights. In conflict and post-conflict situations, people may be more vulnerable to trafficking due to high levels of exploitation and violence, weak civilian protection mechanisms, displacement, and a breakdown in social cohesion. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been embroiled in violence since 1996, when violence from the Rwandan genocide sparked conflict across the border in the eastern provinces of Congo. Dozens of armed groups with shifting allegiances, motivations, and identities have preyed upon civilian communities, perpetrating a wide array of human rights abuses. Over the decades of violence, millions of civilians have died, making Congolese conflict the deadliest since World War II. In recent years, the artisanal mining sector in eastern Congo has gained a great deal of international attention for the role it has played in fueling the conflict by providing rebel groups with a source of income. Recognition of this dynamic has raised concerns that these mining communities are also home to some of the worst human rights abuses as different powerful actors vie for control of these profitable areas. Hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions1 of artisanal miners and their families rely on mining for their livelihood. Driven by extreme poverty with limited economic alternatives, these miners accept extreme working conditions. The environment is further complicated by poor governance, poor regulatory oversight, and widespread corruption; conditions that are conducive to labor and sexual trafficking. The United Nations and a number of advocacy groups have described different forms human trafficking in these areas. The 2014 State Department Trafficking in Persons Report calls particular attention to trafficking in persons in the artisanal mining sector. Despite this recognition, systematic quantitative evidence about the type and scale of human trafficking in Congolese mines is lacking. This project attempts to provide an empirically-based understanding of the nature and scale of labor and sex trafficking of men, women and children in artisanal mining sites in South Kivu and North Katanga. It then aims to use this information to identify recommendations for the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) programmatic interventions. Fundamental to the understanding of the scope of human trafficking in this context is clearly defining who a trafficked person is. Broad categories of human trafficking include: forced labor; debt bondage; sex trafficking; forced child labor and child sex trafficking. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines the most severe forms of human trafficking as: - Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or - The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Systematic empirical evidence about the type and scale of human trafficking in DRC mines is lacking. Many of the assertions cited by domestic and international groups are based on anecdotal evidence that seek out specific instances of trafficking in persons (TIP). Despite the important body of work aimed at documenting the issues of trafficking in the artisanal mining sector, the established narrative is undermined by the absence of data on the prevalence, patterns, and causes of trafficking. It is therefore difficult to identify which types of interventions are most needed, and what the most pivotal points of entry are for programming to combat TIP. This assessment therefore seeks to fulfill the need for an empirical inquiry using quantitative research methods. The objectives of this work are to: 1) provide an empirically-based understanding of the nature and scale of labor and sex trafficking of men, women and children in eastern DRC mining communities; 2) identify recommendations for USAID programmatic interventions; and 3) recommend evaluation activities and research questions related to the recommended programmatic interventions. This initial version of the assessment addresses the first point and aims to serve as a basis for further discussion about recommendations. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2014. 131p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2015 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K5R1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K5R1.pdf Shelf Number: 134565 Keywords: Child Labor Child Sex Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Democratic Republic of the Cong Mining Communities Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Seelke, Clare Ribando Title: Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: Trafficking in persons (TIP) for the purpose of exploitation is a lucrative criminal activity that is of major concern to the United States and the international community. According to the U.S. State Department, there may be as many as 20 million trafficking victims around the world at any given time. In recent years, the largest numbers of trafficking victims have been identified in Africa and Europe; however, human trafficking is also a major problem in Latin America. Countries in Latin America serve as source, transit, and destination countries for trafficking victims. Men, women, and children are victimized within their own countries, as well as trafficked to other countries in the region. Latin America is also a primary source region for people trafficked to the United States, increasingly by transnational criminal organizations. In FY2013, primary countries of origin for foreign trafficking victims certified as eligible to receive U.S. assistance included Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador (along with Thailand, the Philippines, and India). Smaller numbers of Latin American TIP victims are trafficked to Europe and Asia. Latin America serves as a transit region for Asian TIP victims. Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. 106-386), Congress has taken steps to address human trafficking by authorizing new programs, reauthorizing existing ones, appropriating funds, creating new criminal laws, and conducting oversight on the effectiveness and implications of U.S. anti-TIP policy. Most recently, the TVPA was reauthorized through FY2017 in Title XXII of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (P.L. 110-457). According to CRS calculations, obligations for U.S.-funded anti-TIP programs in Latin America totaled roughly $10.9 million in FY2012. On June 20, 2014, the State Department issued its 14th annual, congressionally mandated report on human trafficking. The report categorizes countries into four "tiers" according to the government's efforts to combat trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking (Tier 3) have been made subject to U.S. foreign assistance sanctions. Nicaragua and, for the first time, Chile received the top Tier 1 ranking in this year's report. While Cuba and Venezuela are the only Latin American countries ranked on Tier 3 in this year�s TIP report, 10 other countries in the region - Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Bolivia, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Uruguay - are on the Tier 2 Watch List. Unless those countries make progress, they could receive a Tier 3 ranking in 2015. The 114th Congress is likely to continue oversight of TIP programs and operations, including U.S.-funded programs in Latin America. Congress is likely to monitor trends in human trafficking in the region, such as the involvement of organized crime groups in TIP, the problem of child trafficking in Haiti, and the vulnerability of unauthorized child migrants from Central America to trafficking. Congress could consider further increasing funding for anti-TIP programs in the region, as was provided for forensic technology to combat TIP in Central America and Mexico in P.L. 113-235, possibly through the Merida Initiative, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), or through other assistance programs. For Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Services, 2015. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report RL33200: Accessed February 16, 2015 at: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Caribbean URL: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf Shelf Number: 134628 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human trafficking Human Trafficking (Latin America, Caribbean) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zimmerman, Cathy Title: Health and human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Findings from a survey of men, women and children in Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a gross violation of human rights that often involves extreme exploitation and abuse. People are trafficked for various forms of exploitation, including labour exploitation in various low-skilled sectors and sexual exploitation. In these circumstances, trafficked persons are exposed to a multitude of health risks, in addition to violence, deprivation and serious occupational hazards. These dangers frequently result in acute and longer-term morbidity - and sometimes even death. Many, if not most, of those who survive a trafficking experience will require medical care for their physical and psychological health needs. To date, there has been very limited robust research on the health consequences of human trafficking, and to our knowledge, no surveys have been conducted on the health needs of survivors of trafficking for various forms of labour in the Greater Mekong subregion. In response to evidence gaps on health and trafficking, a prospective, cross-sectional, multi-site survey was conducted among people in post-trafficking services to identify their health risks and priority health-care needs. The findings of this survey were based on responses provided by 1,102 people who had been exploited and were willing to share their experiences and voice their health concerns. While these findings illustrate an overwhelming panorama of abuse, at the same time they offer a picture of hope through the opportunity to understand and respond with better health protection and response mechanisms in the future. Details: International Organization for Migration and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2014. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2015 at: http://th.iom.int/images/report/Health_and_Human_Trafficking_in_the_GMS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://th.iom.int/images/report/Health_and_Human_Trafficking_in_the_GMS.pdf Shelf Number: 134726 Keywords: Forced Labor Health Care Human Trafficking (Asia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) Title: Human Trafficking, Other Forms of Exploitation and Prevention Policies Summary: This report explores strategies and initiatives related to the prevention of human trafficking that have been implemented in various developed countries. It covers the following themes: strategies aimed at combating human trafficking; enumeration; dissemination and coordination between the various levels to prevent and combat human trafficking; data collection systems; position in relation to application and evaluation. Details: Montreal: International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, 2014. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 4, 2015 at: http://www.crime-prevention-intl.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/2014/HT_report_English_FINAL_20-10-14_Revised.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.crime-prevention-intl.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/2014/HT_report_English_FINAL_20-10-14_Revised.pdf Shelf Number: 134744 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bricknell, Samantha Title: Exploring the feasibility of an enhanced monitoring program on human trafficking and slavery Summary: The implementation of measures to improve and standardise the collection of statistical information on human trafficking and slavery is listed as an Action Item in the Australian Government's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015-19 (AGD 2015). The key outcome attached to this Action Item is the development of an enhanced monitoring program on human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices. As part of its Human Trafficking and Slavery Research Program, the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) has undertaken an examination of the feasibility and logistics of monitoring human trafficking and slavery as it affects Australia and the options available to perform this monitoring activity. The ultimate purpose of the exercise was to: develop a conceptual framework and dataset that provides a more comprehensive description of human trafficking and slavery than is currently available; and determine if such a monitoring program is practical or whether other monitoring options should be considered. The AIC determined six critical steps to fulfil the examination; that is: the establishment and refinement of a conceptual framework, indicator themes and associated indicators; a stocktake and evaluation of data that is collated from relevant government and non-government agencies; an assessment of the data that is needed to support information requirements; configuration of a proposed monitoring program-selected indicators and data sources; the development of a data collection tool and data specifications; and an assessment of the program's readiness for implementation, including pilot testing. In this report, the findings from the first four steps of the development phase (defined as Phase One) are described, as well as alternative options for monitoring human trafficking and slavery. Phase Two, which will proceed if stakeholders opt for the enhanced monitoring program, will involve the development and pilot testing of the data collection tool(s) and associated processes. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical and background paper series no.59: Accessed March 4, 2015 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tbp/tbp059/tbp059.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tbp/tbp059/tbp059.pdf Shelf Number: 134746 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Human Slavery Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Strehl, Talinay Title: Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru:Conditions and Current Interventions Summary: The 1990s witnessed serious interest from Peruvian NGOs in the issue of street children and, as a result, many street child welfare services were initiated, especially in Lima. However, since that time the interest has once again waned, even though the problem has not decreased. In recent years, hardly any anthropological research with street children has been done in Peru. Although GOs and NGOs have a lot of relevant knowledge concerning street children, this knowledge lacks actualisation and analysis to be positively used for the formulation of policy. This research will expose the reality of street children, which will enable us to understand the relation between street children and the organisations that intervene in their name. The focus will be more on the street-living than on the street-working children. One of the central objectives of this IREWOC research therefore was to reveal the faces and voices of street children and analyse their various backgrounds, relations to the streets and their perceptions of their situation. The research results were expected to give relevant insights into the various reasons why children are in the streets, the activities in which the children engage and how they generate income and the consequences that the children experience from their working/living/being in the streets. The anthropological outline of the lives of street children will form a basis for the second objective of this research, namely to map different policy initiatives for street children and to identify the best practices to satisfy street children's needs. Are organisations working with street children alleviating the problem or are they reproducing it, i.e. are their policies pulling children to the streets? These research objectives have been translated to the following research questions: - What are the street children's coping mechanisms? What labour activities or other activities do the children perform to generate income and what do they use it for? - What consequences does living/working in the streets have for these children's lives: what are the specific problems that the various types of street children face? - What are their urgent (self-declared) needs and what are their (perceived) aspirations? - Which specific strategies and interventions are used by GOs and NGOs to improve the situation of street children? - What are the effects of the different GO and NGO interventions on the street children and which strategies can be identified as most effective in improving the daily life situation and the future prospects of the street children? - Do GOs and NGOs work in a complementary way? What are bottlenecks in cooperation? The fieldwork locations for this research were Lima and Cusco. Lima was chosen because of its urban and metropolitan character and high number of street children, and Cusco because of its tourism industry and more rural and indigenous influences. Details: Leiden: Foundation for International Research on Working Children (IREWOC), 2010. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Street%20Children%20Peru_Strehl_IREWOC_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Peru URL: https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Street%20Children%20Peru_Strehl_IREWOC_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 134964 Keywords: Child Abuse Child Labor Child Prostitution Homeless Children Organized Crime Poverty Sexual Exploitation Street Children (Peru)

Author: Beckett, Helen Title: Research into gang-associated sexual exploitation and sexual violence: Interim report Summary: This interim report outlines the progress of the ongoing research into gang-associated sexual exploitation and sexual violence in England, being conducted by The International Centre for the Study of Sexually Exploited and Trafficked Young People and The Vauxhall Centre for the Study of Crime within the Institute of Applied Social Research (IASR) at the University of Bedfordshire. The research into children and young people-s experiences of gang-associated sexual exploitation and sexual violence is exploring: - The scale and nature of the issue in the specific areas of England under study; - Pathways into gang-associated sexual exploitation and sexual violence for young people living in these gang-affected neighbourhoods; and - Potential models of response. The research is being conducted over the two-year period of the OCC Inquiry (Autumn 2011 to Autumn 2013). It has a narrower focus than the Inquiry, considering only those forms of sexual exploitation and sexual violence occurring in or related to gangs, as defined below. As the prevalence and nature of such gangs varies significantly across the country, exposure to these issues also varies significantly for young people living in different communities and locales. Fieldwork is being undertaken in six different areas of England with differing gang histories and experiences. The identity of the research sites is not being released in order to protect potential participants; they do however reflect a broad range of experiences and different demographic profiles. Details: Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: University of Bedfordshire, 2012. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2015: http://www.lscbchairs.org.uk/sitedata/files/University_of_Bedfordshire.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.lscbchairs.org.uk/sitedata/files/University_of_Bedfordshire.pdf Shelf Number: 134986 Keywords: Gangs (U.K.) Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: Traffickers and trafficking. Challenges in researching human traffickers and trafficking operations, 2014 Summary: While much research and literature exists about trafficking victims, far less is known about the persons responsible for their exploitation. A clearer picture of how traffickers operate is vital in efforts to prevent and combat the crime of human trafficking and can be used in the development of criminal justice and social welfare responses to human trafficking - informing policies, strategies and interventions. To date, much of what is known about trafficking and traffickers is drawn from information provided by trafficking victims. Because trafficked persons are key witnesses to events in the trafficking process, there are substantial strengths to victim-derived data. At the same time, there are some significant limitations to this type of information. This paper discusses some of the fault lines involved in understanding traffickers and trafficking operations through the lens of trafficked persons and their individual trafficking experiences. These limitations make clear that an improved understanding of traffickers and trafficking operations requires looking beyond victim-derived datasets to other information sources, including research with traffickers themselves. This paper concludes with a discussion on recent research efforts on traffickers and trafficking, which signal potential ways forward of improving research on this significant human rights issue and crime. These include in particular drawing on criminal justice data sets as well as engaging directly with persons involved in trafficking, each of which affords important insight into various aspects of the other side of human trafficking. These studies also make clear that such research is not only possible but also essential to a thorough and holistic understanding of trafficking. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2014. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Nexus_Traffickers_and_trafficking_FINAL_WEB.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Nexus_Traffickers_and_trafficking_FINAL_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 135264 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons (ICAT) Title: Preventing Trafficking in Persons by Addressing Demand Summary: During the first decade following the adoption of the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol, most efforts to prevent trafficking in persons (TIP) focused on what is often referred to as the supply side, concentrating on those who were seen as vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking in person. Partly as a result of a perceived lack of progress for such supply side interventions, recent years have seen an increased interest in identifying and addressing factors that contribute to the demand that fosters all forms of labour exploitation. One of the ways in which this demand is met, is through trafficking in persons, which this paper aims to explore. The present paper is the second in a series of policy papers elaborated jointly by the member organizations of the Inter-agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons. Its purpose is to provide guidance to organizations and practitioners by mapping out the dimensions of this demand as it relates specifically to trafficking in persons for labour exploitation, as well as highlighting strategies that can be used to address this aspect of the problem. The paper proceeds to identify concrete steps that can be taken by different actors to effectively reduce this demand. This paper concentrates specifically on demand that contributes to trafficking for labour exploitation in the context of the production of goods and/or services. The paper thus excludes trafficking for other purposes (including forced marriage, begging, forced criminality and organ removal), each of which has particular nuances. The paper further does not address demand that contributes to trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The paper does however make frequent reference to forced labour. While forced labour and trafficking for labour exploitation are not fully synonymous - not all forced labour involves trafficking and not all trafficking for labour exploitation amounts to forced labour - they both result from similar demand factors. Further, many relevant initiatives against exploitative labour practices are framed in terms of forced labour rather than trafficking in persons. The paper is divided into three parts. Part I provides an introduction to the concept of demand in the context of trafficking in persons for labour exploitation, the international legal framework relating to demand, and the reasons for increased attention to this area. The aim is not to create a definitive definition of demand but rather to identify an overall framework for Part II of the paper. This identifies different strategies and approaches for addressing demand and includes suggestions on possible steps to be taken with regard to each strategy. Part III consists of concluding comments, incorporating a brief summary of main recommendations. Details: Vienna, Austria: ICAT, 2014. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/events/ICAT_Demand_paper_-_FINAL.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/events/ICAT_Demand_paper_-_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 135272 Keywords: Crime Prevention Programs, Human Trafficking Forced Labour Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Balarezo, Christine A. Title: Selling Humans: the Political Economy of Contemporary Global Slavery Summary: Human trafficking is a growing illegal crime, both in terms of numbers and profits. Thus, important to consider, as it is a human rights, political, criminal justice, national security, and economic issue. Previous studies have these examined these human trafficking factors independently, yet none have really taken into account how they work simultaneously. This study examines why human trafficker continues to occur, particularly at the domestic and transnational level, and also why some countries are better able to effectively deal with this problem in terms of criminalizing human traffickers. It is argued that at the domestic level, traffickers first must take into account the operating costs, illegal risks, bribery, and profits of the business. After considering these basic elements, they then need to consider the world, including economic, political, geographic, and cultural factors that may help facilitate human trafficking. However, human trafficking can occur across large geographic distances, though rare. This is more likely to happen based on the type of human trafficking group, available expatriate or immigrant networks, the origin-transit-destination country connection, or strength of the bilateral economic relationship between origin and destination countries. Finally, looking at why some countries are better able to criminalize traffickers helps us to better understand how human trafficking can be discouraged. In short, conformity of a country's domestic anti-human trafficking law, as well as the degree of enforcement, should increase the probability of criminalizing a human trafficker. These three theoretical arguments help to better understand the nature of the business, and more importantly, why human trafficking continues. Details: Denton, TX: University of North Texas, 2013. 249p. Source: Internet Resource; Dissertation: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407818/ Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407818/ Shelf Number: 135280 Keywords: Human Slavery Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Murphy, Laura T. Title: The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report Summary: A first-ever report on human trafficking in the New Orleans metro area released March 21 by Loyola University New Orleans sheds light on the problem, highlighting indicators that suggest sex trafficking and forced labor are significant concerns for the area. While New Orleans has rapidly increased its legal, law enforcement and service provider capacity to address human trafficking in the last five years, obstacles stand in the way of effectively assisting victims, according to the report. The Modern Slavery Research Project at Loyola, with the support of the New Orleans Human Trafficking Work Group, released "The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report," authored by Loyola professor Laura Murphy, Ph.D., who leads the research project and the work group, and alumnus Brian Ea. For nine months, Murphy and other researchers turned to survivors, service providers, social workers, journalists, law enforcement, and local and state officials to uncover the pressing issues of human trafficking in the last 10 years, including the area's preponderance of sexual entertainment services, barriers for victims to report the crimes, high rates of poverty and youth homelessness. In the first six months of 2013 alone, a hotline run by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center received 227 reports from Louisiana, approximately the same number received in all of 2012. Among the likely human trafficking cases gleaned from those hotline calls, at least half involved minors. Sixty-eight percent were sex trafficking related, while at least 16 percent were cases of labor trafficking. But those statistics only uncover the tip of the iceberg, according to Murphy. Those statistics capture only a fraction of the cases - only those cases identified by a citizen and then reported to law enforcement or through other official channels such as the hotline. "Understanding human trafficking in the United States is incredibly difficult because exploited laborers tend to be a hidden population. The Modern Slavery Research project is dedicated to producing thoughtful, data-driven, community-based research that can better inform our community's approach to this issue," she said. "This report is only the beginning of the research we need to do to uncover the prevalence and scope of trafficking in Louisiana." Murphy, on a mission to help combat human trafficking in the Crescent City, hopes that the report will be used as ammunition to fuel ongoing efforts to address both sex and labor trafficking. In that realm, the report points to several recommendations that aim to improve awareness and response to trafficking, including: -Establish a dedicated human trafficking legal court in New Orleans; - Vacate criminal records for all crimes committed by adults that are determined to be a result of labor or sex trafficking victimization; -Pursue appropriate cases as human trafficking instead of the Fair Labor Standards Act or, in the cases of sex trafficking, pandering or inciting prostitution; -Focus on arrest of traffickers instead of sex workers; -Increase training to health care professionals on identifying victims of trafficking; -Expand access to self-esteem, harm-reduction and anti-trafficking curricula for youth; and -Create a high school anti-human trafficking curriculum with sustainable dissemination model. Details: New Orleans: Loyola University New Orleans, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://admin.loyno.edu/webteam/userfiles/file/LA%20HT%20Report%20final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5887a2a61b631bfbbc1ad83a/t/59498f8b5016e1fb9956b1e7/1497993139659/LouisianaHT.pdf Shelf Number: 135631 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Polaris Project Title: Sex Trafficking in the U.S.: A Closer Look at U.S. Citizen Victims Summary: Sex Trafficking in the U.S.: A Closer Look at U.S. Citizen Victims provides crucial insight into the realities of sex trafficking in the U.S. based largely on experiences reported by U.S. citizen survivors. The issue brief highlights key aspects of the U.S. sex trafficking industry, including how U.S. citizen victims are recruited and controlled, the relationships between victims and traffickers, common venues where sex trafficking occurs, and survivors' level of access to opportunities for assistance. The brief, based on information reported to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) hotline and Polaris's BeFree Textline in 2014, illustrates the variety of situations that victims face in rural, suburban, and urban communities across the country. The information contained in the brief is based on data collected from 1,611 sex trafficking cases reported to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) hotline and the BeFree Textline in 2014 involving U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents, as well as a deeper analysis of 292 survivor accounts who directly contacted the NHTRC or BeFree. This information was supplemented with data from 141 U.S. citizen sex trafficking survivors who received direct services from Polaris between 2011 and 2014. By amplifying the voices of these survivors, we are taking steps to better understand the variety of ways traffickers operate and the comprehensive services victims require to rebuild their lives. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project, 2015. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 29, 2015 at: http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/us-citizen-sex-trafficking.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/us-citizen-sex-trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 135798 Keywords: Human trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Stepnitz, Abigail Title: Male-ordered The mail-order bride industry and trafficking in women for sexual and labour exploitation Summary: This report explores the concept of servile marriage and the ways in which it overlaps with trafficking and violence against women and girls, especially those brought to the United Kingdom. The report reviews the social, political and economic contexts in the UK and on a global scale that have contributed to the development and proliferation of the mail-order bride (MOB) industry, the trends that can currently be observed and the ways in which the industry promotes trafficking, slavery, prostitution, pornography, exploitation of vulnerable groups and racial and ethnic stereotyping. The report examines evidence from websites and marriage brokers as well as from men who have or intend to 'purchase' a wife. Much of this evidence reflects the disconcerting levels of racialisation, links with sexual abuse of children, and the use of deceit and coercion to lure women from their homes and communities into lives of servitude in the UK. Statistical evidence is also analysed to highlight trends in ethnic representation, region and country of origin, and the issuing of fiancee/spousal visas, reported trends in prostitution, POPPY Project referrals of women trafficked for sexual and labour exploitation, abuse of migrant domestic workers and overall rates of domestic violence suffered by women in the UK. The theme of this report - the trafficking of women and girls into servile marriage through 'mail-order bride' channels - is yet another frontier in the global struggle against contemporary slavery and the multiple ways in which women and girls are exploited. Trafficking is a primary example of the connection between poverty, development, migration, violence against women and sexual or labour exploitation. A servile marriage will be understood here to be any situation wherein a woman is in a marriage that is either legally binding or sanctioned by her community in such a way that she has no reasonable possibility of asserting that the marriage is invalid; and wherein the woman is held in domestic and/or sexual servitude that defines her role as a wife. Details: London: The POPPY Project, Eaves Housing for Women, 2009. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2015 at: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/04/Male-ordered-bedd8d.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/04/Male-ordered-bedd8d.pdf Shelf Number: 135876 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Mail-Order Brides Marriage Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Doyle, Charles Title: Sex Trafficking: An Overview of Federal Criminal Law Summary: Sex trafficking is a state crime. Federal law, however, makes it a federal crime to conduct the activities of a sex trafficking enterprise in a way that affects interstate or foreign commerce or that involves travel in interstate or foreign commerce. Section 1591 of Title 18 of the United States Code outlaws sex trafficking activities that affect interstate or foreign commerce. The Mann Act outlaws sex trafficking activities that involve travel in interstate or foreign commerce. The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 (Victims Justice Act; P.L. 114-22/S. 178) amended both 1591 and the Mann Act. Section 1591 now provides in part the following: "Whoever knowingly in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, advertises, maintains, patronizes, or solicits by any means a person; knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, that means of force, threats of force, fraud, coercion ... , or any combination of such means will be used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act," shall be imprisoned not less than 15 years (not less than 10 years, if the victim is 14 years of age or older and the offender is less than 18 years of age). The Mann Act outlaws prostitution and unlawful sexual activities that involve interstate or foreign travel. It consists of three principal substantive sections. Section 2421 proscribes the interstate or foreign transportation of someone for purposes of prostitution or unlawful sexual activity; misconduct which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years. Section 2422 condemns coercing or enticing another person to travel in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in prostitution or unlawful sexual activity, or using interstate communications to coerce or entice a child to engage in such conduct. The communications offense is punishable by imprisonment for not less than 10 years; the travel offense by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. Section 2423 outlaws four distinct offenses: (1) 2423(a)-transportation of a child in interstate or foreign commerce for purposes of prostitution or unlawful sexual purposes; (2) 2423(b)-interstate or foreign travel for purposes of unlawful sexual abuse of a child; (3) 2423(c)-foreign travel and subsequent unlawful sexual abuse of a child; and (4) 2423(d)- arranging, for profit, the travel outlawed in any of these offenses. The first is punishable by imprisonment for not less than 10 years, each of the others by imprisonment for not more than 30 years. An offender also faces the prospect of a fine of not more than $250,000 (not more than $500,000 for an organization); unless indigent, to a special assessment of $5,000; a term of supervised release of not less than five years; an order to pay the victim restitution; and the confiscation of any property derived from, or used to facilitate commission of, any of the offenses. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Office, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS R43597: Accessed July 9, 2015 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43597.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43597.pdf Shelf Number: 135988 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Boff, Andrew Title: Silence on Violence: Improving the Safety of Women. The policing of off-streete sex work and sex trafficking in London Summary: All evidence available demonstrates that female sex workers1 are at a far higher risk of violence than any other group of women. Active sex workers were almost 18 times more likely to be murdered than women of similar age and race in one study on the mortality rates among sex workers. The reasons for female sex workers' vulnerability are complex and manifold; but a belief by the perpetrators that their attacks and even murders will be underreported to police by prostitutes or their colleagues and families plays an important role. There is an extensive and morally equivocal debate about the rights and wrongs behind selling sexual services, reflecting different standpoints on exploitation, markets, inequality, gender roles, morality, freedom of choice, and safety. Highly personal attitudes towards sex work from all sides have made discussions and policy in this area very difficult to formulate and, as such, areas of potentially significant concern within sex work have often been overlooked. This report leaves aside, as far as possible, the debate described above, and focuses on one crucial area within sex work - the safety of the women involved. The report aims to look into two overarching areas related to women's safety within the sex industry: the policing of sex trafficking, and within that policing for the Olympics; and the general policing of sex workers. It also aims to focus on off street prostitution. This is for several reasons including the fact that evidence shows that street prostitution very rarely, if at all, involves trafficked women. Details: London: GLA Conservatives, 2012. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/03/Report-on-the-Safety-of-Sex-Workers-Silence-on-Violence.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/03/Report-on-the-Safety-of-Sex-Workers-Silence-on-Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 136283 Keywords: . Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Boff, Andrew Title: Shadow City: Exposing Human Trafficking in Everyday London Summary: Increasingly the authorities and many residents in London know that there is a criminal activity called human trafficking. What they don't usually know, accurately, is what human trafficking actually constitutes and what forms are taking place around them. Most London residents imagine that it does not touch directly on their lives - that the exploitation takes place in brothels run by foreign gangs controlling foreign women. But it's nearer than they think. If you have had an Irish or Eastern European traveller knocking on your door offering cut-price construction work, if you have had a manicure at a Vietnamese nail bar; if you have been to inexpensive Chinese and Indian restaurants or takeaways; passed by groups of men at mobile soup runs for the homeless; if you have taken cannabis; bumped into Latin American cleaning staff at London hotels; dealt with British or African children who play truant at school; if any of these circumstances are familiar to you, then you may well have seen or even indirectly been involved in the exploitation of a victim of "trafficking." But human trafficking is not slavery in the historic sense - this is the first misleading notion and is partly why authorities often fail to recognise, and so let down, victims of trafficking. The scare-stories about thousands of hidden slaves tied up against their will is inaccurate. What can be found in London, in higher numbers, are children and vulnerable British adults and, often irregular, migrants being relentlessly exploited, particularly by British standards and international human rights legislation. However, "choice", ambiguous as that term may be, is involved in these victims' circumstances and, in many cases these people - such as migrants from poverty stricken backgrounds or homeless British male victims - may see this life as an improvement on where they have come from. Yet some victims will experience appalling and often gruesome abuse in the UK. Sexual torture, starvation and physical abuse are not uncommon in these outwardly 'consensual' environments. However, at the other end of the scale you can find workers experiencing no physical or sexual abuse, and whose 'traffickers' have largely kept to the terms of agreement. They will be being paid less than the minimum wage, working unremitting hours, and be in unreasonably high debt bondage to criminals. They will also still live in a state of anxiety relating to those they owe money to, or those they work with, or the British authorities due to their irregular immigration status. This makes human trafficking a grey area, not black and white as is commonly presented. Details: London: GLA Conservatives, 2013. 230p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Shadow-City.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Shadow-City.pdf Shelf Number: 136284 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Liberty Asia Title: From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia Summary: Modern-day slavery takes many forms: human trafficking, forced and bonded labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. The common denominator of all these crimes is the evil intention to strip human beings of their freedom, and then to use, control, abuse and exploit them. Although often hidden, these odious crimes are all too common on fishing boats in Thailand, brothels in Cambodia, behind the closed doors of homes in Hong Kong, or in hotels in Western countries. As part of the wider efforts to combat these hateful crimes, the Thomson Reuters Foundation has teamed up with Liberty Asia and a number of leading law firms, to produce 'From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia'. Fighting human trafficking through our global pro bono programme TrustLaw is a core focus of the Thomson Reuters Foundation. The report looks at the laws that apply in a range of scenarios: a woman is promised employment as a domestic worker, but receives abuse instead of her pay; a boy moves for a construction job, but is held against his will and denied fair wages; a woman moves country for a job, only to be forced to work in a brothel. While all these scenarios involve trafficking, it is not just trafficking laws that apply. We hope the report will highlight the range of offences that can occur in a trafficking situation, such as assault, sexual violence, employment and immigration law breaches, to enable more prosecutions and combat the culture of impunity for the traffickers and the offenders, whoever they are. The report focuses on seven countries in Southeast Asia. However, trafficking is a global issue. TrustLaw connects lawyers in over 170 countries with NGOs, like Liberty Asia, to provide free legal assistance on pressing global issues or to support their legal needs. Modern day slavery is a big part of our Trust Women Conference - a fast-growing movement to put the rule of law behind women's rights and trigger concrete action. Details: London: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2014. 269p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2015 at: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Shelf Number: 134306 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Massachusetts Interagency Human Trafficking Policy Task Force Title: Findings and Recommendations Summary: It is estimated that across the United States nearly 300,000 children are trafficked for sex every year. The U.S. Justice Department has identified the average age of entry into prostitution is 13.7 These cases involve tremendous violence, are complex and expensive to prosecute. Victims are brutalized in the worst ways imaginable. In Massachusetts, there is currently no systematic way to quantify the problem much less identify and meet the needs of victims. Trafficking victims are individuals lured into this country and Massachusetts with false promises of legitimate work, only often to be forced into the sex or labor industry upon arrival. They are also domestic and Massachusetts born runaways being taken in by traffickers and forced to trade sex for a place to sleep, or girls being baited into "the life" by a presumed boyfriend who later reveals himself as a pimp. Much like a victim of domestic violence, human trafficking victims are trapped by fear, isolation, and brutality at the hands of their traffickers. The Task Force recognizes that frequently one victim is subjected to both sex and labor trafficking. However, because these two types of trafficking are often addressed differently, a separate and in-depth discussion of each is provided below to best understand their specific aspects. Sex Trafficking Sex trafficking of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals occurs across the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For example, in 2011, The E.V.A. Center, a Boston-based program that works with adult women involved in the sex trade, reported that the program served 225 adult women since the program began in 2006.8 Of these women, 20 were identified as foreign nationals and 145 were between the ages of 17 and 25. The E.V.A. Center reports that over half of the women were court involved with an over half of the women were court involved with an over representation of young women aging out of government systems, such as the custody of the Massachusetts Department of Children and Families ("DCF") and the Department of Youth Services ("DYS"). The majority of women were referred at a point of crisis, largely from law enforcement ("LE"), community clinics, hospitals, the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance, the Probation Department, and SafeLink, the Massachusetts domestic violence hotline. Similarly, the commercial sexual exploitation of youth occurs across the Commonwealth. Although state-wide statistics are not available, in a 2012 report the Children's Advocacy Center ("CAC") of Suffolk County noted that, "[i]n recent years, hundreds of girls in the Boston area have been drawn into 'the life' of commercial sexual exploitation; countless others remain at risk." The report documented more than 480 child victims of sexual exploitation received services in Suffolk County between 2005 and 2012. Of these children, 98% were girls, and 65% of the girls were girls of color. Moreover, the majority were runaways and/or victims of child abuse. The CAC report also acknowledges that "[b]oys and transgendered youth are also involved in commercial sexual exploitation of children ("CSEC"), but less visible." There is a lack of understanding of the nature and extent of trafficking of men and boys. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding children being trafficked in other regions of the Commonwealth, and the identification of child victims outside of Boston remains a challenge. There is also a connection between homelessness and trafficking in Massachusetts, irrespective of age. According to a 2005 report from the Massachusetts Department of Education ("DOE"), approximately 12,000 Massachusetts high school students are homeless with 5,000 unaccompanied or without a guardian. Of these youth, 47% experienced mental illness, 21% of homeless youth have substance abuse issues (compared to 2% of housed youth), and 20% of youth are involved in the criminal justice system. According to Steven Procopio, staff member at Boston GLASS Surviving Our Struggle and subcommittee member, homeless men and boys are more vulnerable to become commercially exploited. Procopio reports that sexually exploited youth are often former runaways due to family violence, sexual abuse, and sexual identity issues. Many turn to the sex industry as a survival mechanism to obtain food or shelter. Survivors report high rates of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, and they are often exploited sexually by men and/or women with economic means. Labor Trafficking Labor trafficking takes a variety of forms in Massachusetts, including forced labor, domestic servitude, or debt bondage in workplaces such as restaurants, bars, nail salons, and factories. Throughout Massachusetts, many individuals work in industries where they are increasingly vulnerable to exploitation, and this is compounded by fact that many of these industries function in the underground economy. In 2011, Governor Deval Patrick recognized the hazards of these jobs, noting that the underground economy "exploits vulnerable workers and deprives them of legal benefits and protections." While trafficking involves both U.S. citizen and foreign nationals, undocumented workers are often particularly vulnerable to abuse due to their lack of immigration status and fear of deportation. According to a 2012 study by The Immigrant Learning Center, large industries in Massachusetts thrive off of immigrant workers, including accommodations and food services (10.5%), health care and social assistance (15.6%), manufacturing (13.6%), and retail (9.6%).17 Furthermore, the report states, "immigrants are much more highly concentrated in occupations that require little education such as building and grounds cleaning and maintenance (3.13%), production (2.24%), health care support (1.74%), food preparation and serving (1.67%) and farming, fishing, and forestry (1.43%)" - industries where workers are more prone to abuse and exploitation. While labor statistics are not available, Lutheran Social Services of New England, an organization that provides case management and legal services to labor trafficking survivors, confirmed recent cases of labor trafficking in Massachusetts. Cases included: - Workers living in restaurants and subject to poor working conditions and nonpayment of wages; - Domestic workers from Brazil, Bolivia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda, employed to provide housekeeping or child care services; - Dancers in strip clubs throughout Massachusetts; - Employees of diplomats brought to the United States to work; - Women working in massage parlors or apartments providing sexual and massage services (mixed sex/labor cases); - Factories employing workers using threats of deportation and poor working conditions; - Agricultural and seasonal workers; - H-2B workers employed by companies providing substandard working conditions and housing to workers; - Women lured by promises to marry or of romance who are then coerced to work; and - Children coerced to beg for money on the street. Workers in certain sectors were more prone to abuse. For example, temporary workers in Massachusetts have been particularly vulnerable to exploitation. According to a 2011 report by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, more than 941 temporary agencies employed 65,720 workers each day, working in industries such as construction, manufacturing, warehousing, and landscaping. Mirna Montano, Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health ("MassCOSH") Worker Center organizer, reports "We had so many frustrated and upset workers coming to us for help with unpaid wages, injuries, illegal fees," and "bad employers [knew] that they could get away with leaving workers in the dark regarding almost everything: pay rate, who was covering workers' compensation insurance, [and] how much transportation would cost." In July 2012, the Massachusetts legislature passed a statute aimed at extending greater protection to temporary workers. However, little is yet known about the legislation's impact on exploitation and trafficking. Details: Boston: The Task Force, 2013. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 31, 2015 at: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Shelf Number: 136647 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Runaways Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: Demand Arguments in Debates on Trafficking in Human Beings: Using an historical and economic approach to achieve conceptual clarification Summary: This first DemandAT working paper by Norbert Cyrus and Dita Vogel seeks to clarify the concept of demand in the context of trafficking in human beings. It approaches this task by historically analysing the emergence of the concept of demand within legal frameworks related to trafficking. The paper also discusses the understanding of demand as a concept in economics and whether and how this can be applied to trafficking in human beings. Working Paper 1 makes recommendations on terminology for the DemandAT project including: -the definition of demand as 'the willingness and ability to buy a particular commodity' 'the definition of demand-side policies and measures as reserved for activities that seek to influence the demand for final commodities (such as consumer goods and services) Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2015 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT%20WP1%20Cyrus%20Vogel%20June%202015a.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT%20WP1%20Cyrus%20Vogel%20June%202015a.pdf Shelf Number: 136720 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Pilot Study: Tourist Marriage in Yemen Summary: Definition: For purpose of this research the authors define Tourist Marriage as a legal union between a Yemeni woman and a man from an Arabian Gulf country which was intended by the groom to be of a limited duration - a fact not clearly communicated to the parents, bride or Yemeni officials. Such marriages often occur during the summer months when there are significant tourists from Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC3) countries visiting Yemen. In Yemen, marriage is a formal relationship between two families with the primary purpose of legally producing children which impacts economic status in the immediate term with implications for future generations through inheritance rights. In Yemen's Personal Status Law 1992 (No. 20) provides the legal framework for this central, social institution. Modifications were made to the Personal Status Law in 19984 and in 1999 the minimum marriage age of 15 years was abolished. The amendment tied marital age to a provision allowing the guardian of a minor to marry her off on the condition that she is fit for sexual intercourse at the onset of puberty (interpreted by some more conservative perspectives to be at the age of nine). One aspect of the legal framework for marriage that has generated heated debate in recent years is contradictions between the Personal Status Law and Yemen's CEDAW obligations. A further law relevant to Tourist Marriage is the Nationality Law 1990 (No. 6) and its subsequent amendments. In 2010 the Parliament ratified an amendment to the Nationality Law (Article 3) which gave Yemeni women the right to confer citizenship to their children. Currently, a key driver of changing marriage patterns in Yemen is economics. Increasing costs for the various aspects of marriage in Yemen from the mahr to celebration costs, exacerbated by rising levels of poverty, food insecurity and numbers of conflict-affected populations are all contributing to transforming marriage in Yemen. Poverty rose dramatically from 42 per cent of the population in 2009, to 54.5 per cent in 2012 and food insecurity has increased dramatically. As a result of increasing poverty and rising marriage costs, marriage traditions are transforming. Increasing incidence of mass marriages, consanguineous marriages and shegar marriages are all trends that are heavily influenced by the deteriorating economic situation in Yemen. A further marital trend in Yemen that bears relevance to this study is the issue of early marriage which has gained increasing urgency in Yemen due to increasing levels of poverty exacerbated by long-term displacements as a result of conflict. Among increasingly economically vulnerable Yemenis and conflict-affected populations in the country, one coping strategy has been marrying off girls at a younger and younger age. This practice has perceived benefits to family honour among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and provides the desperately poor with some financial benefits. Following up on NDC recommendations, on 27 April 2014, the Legal Affairs Minister Mohammad Makhlafi submitted to Prime Minister Mohammad Basindawa a draft amendment to the Child Rights Law (2002) which would establish 18 as the minimum marriage age. The practice of temporary marriage dates to pre-Islamic times and was accepted under certain conditions when the first Muslims were away from their homes for extensive periods of time, although it has often been a practice which generated heated religious and social disputes on its legality within Islamic law and its cultural impact. Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is an increase in temporary marriages in Muslim countries. Currently, all Yemeni madhahib (doctrines - singular madhhab) condemn the above mentioned practices of temporary marriage including Shafi'i (Sunni), Zaydi (Shi'a) and Ismaili (Shi'a - with an estimated 60,000 Yemeni Dawoodis, more commonly known as Bohras). The practice of Tourist Marriage emerged as a significant trend in the media between 2005 and 2007. In 2003 the first of four Government official decrees and memos was issued by the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and Ministry of Justice (MOJ) to regulate Mixed Marriage (defined as a marriage between a Yemeni national and a non-Yemeni). This implies that the practice of Tourist Marriage preceded 2003, possibly going back to 2000. While it is clear that Ibb has had significantly high numbers of Tourist Marriage and, to a lesser degree al-Hodeida, this research found allegations of the practice in the Governorates of Hajja, Taiz, Sana'a, Rayma and Aden, as well as evidence of relative frequency of the practice in Hadramout, where there has been very limited media attention. Based on interviews for this pilot study, key nationalities of Gulf men engaging in Tourist Marriage include: Saudi men in Ibb, al-Hodeida and some in Hadramout; Omani men in Hadramout (al-Sahil, al-Wadi and foremost in Tarim); and Emirati men in Ibb and a few reported incidents in Hadramout. The phenomenon of Tourist Marriage has a key economic dimension. For young, uneducated and rural women from poor families, Tourist Marriage, along with other types of Mixed Marriage, are often seen as addressing a number of economic and social issues. The shorter-term benefits include protecting the honour of the young woman and her family and addressing poverty. The longer-term logic of such a marriage includes having kin with legal residence (and hopefully citizenship) outside of Yemen, as well as producing legitimate heirs. Unfortunately, the reality is that Tourist Marriage does not further any longer-term strategies and causes grave harm and trauma for the young brides. In the 2005 Ibb University Workshop, a number of papers were presented which hypothesized the factors behind the spread of Tourist Marriage in Ibb. The consensus in this workshop was that Tourist Marriage constitutes a warping of the notion of marriage from a bond between a husband and a wife recognized by society into a deceptive opportunity to have legally sanctioned sexual relations with a woman. Workshop participants also agreed that the parents of the brides in Tourist Marriages sincerely believed that the union in marriage is not temporary, hence the mahr costs are very close to "market rates," namely equivalent to amounts that would be requested from any potential Yemeni grooms. The impact of Tourist Marriage is particularly devastating on young girls who fall prey to the practice with regards to their reproductive health, psychological well-being, educational aspirations and emotional development. While some of the "wives" in Tourist Marriage may receive divorce papers from their former husbands, many do not. A study conducted in 2005 by Dr Fuad Hamoud al-Shibami, a professor at Ibb University, with 40 brides of Tourist Marriage from Ibb governorate found that 35 per cent were ages 15-19 and 38 per cent ages 20-24, with 92.5 per cent from urban areas and 7.5 per cent from rural communities. Tourist Marriage as assessed in this pilot study can be prime facie categorized as human trafficking, due to deception on the part of the groom and the Marriage Broker about the "temporary" nature of the marriage for the sole purpose of sexual exploitation. The deception is perpetuated by the father or male guardian negotiating the marriage contract, the family of the bride to be, as well as the bride who will soon be robbed of her virginity. Others may be in collusion with the deception, such as the Akil al-Hara, the Marriage Judge and the khatba connecting families to Gulf men seeking to marry. However, each case would need to be examined to determine collaborators to the deception and if sexual exploitation occurred. Details: Sana'a, Yemen: International Organization for Migration, 2014. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2015 at: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Tourist_Marriage_Yemen.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Yemen URL: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Tourist_Marriage_Yemen.pdf Shelf Number: 136968 Keywords: Child Marriages Human Trafficking Marriages Sexual Exploitation Socioeconomic Conditions Tourist Marriage

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: The Concept of Demand in Relation to Trafficking in Human Beings: A Review of Debates since the Late 19th Century Summary: The 2000 UN Trafficking Protocol obliged states to discourage demand that fostered exploitation leading to trafficking. Fifteen years later, there is still no shared understanding of what demand means in the context of debates on trafficking in human beings (THB). This paper charts the history of the use of the concepts "trafficking" and "demand" in the context of debates on trafficking since the 1860s. It shows that terminological confusion was and still is a constant feature of these debates. The paper argues that conceptual confusion hampers mutual understanding, prevents reasonable dispute and undermines the capacity to develop policy approaches which effectively provide protection from trafficking and exploitation. Details: Vienna, Austria: Demand Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2015. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137466 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: The Concept of "Exploitation" in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol Summary: Article 3(a) of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking in Persons Protocol) defines trafficking in persons as constituting three elements: (i) an "action", being recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons; (ii) a "means" by which that action is achieved (threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, and the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve consent of a person having control over another person); and (iii) a "purpose" (of the action/means): namely, exploitation. Exploitation is not specifically defined in the Protocol but stipulated to include, at a minimum: "the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs." The definition further clarifies in Article 3(b), that consent of the victim to the intended exploitation is irrelevant when any of these 'means' have been used. All three elements (act, means and purpose) must be present to constitute 'trafficking in persons' in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. The only exception is that when the victim is a child, the 'means' element is not part of the definition. The Protocol definition has been widely embraced by States and the international community. However, over the past decade it has become evident that questions remain about certain aspects of that definition and its practical application. This is important because to characterize certain conduct as 'trafficking' has significant and wide-ranging consequences for the alleged perpetrators of that conduct, and for the alleged victims. There may also be consequences for States - both internally in terms of constructing a national understanding of the nature and extent of the 'trafficking problem', and externally, in relation to various institutions and mechanisms that concern themselves with States' response to 'trafficking'. The potential breadth and narrowness of the definition has raised several issues to which States have taken quite different positions. Those who support a conservative or even restrictive interpretation of the concept of trafficking consider that too wide a definition may encompass practices that do not meet the high seriousness threshold expected of 'trafficking'. Those who advocate for a more expansive interpretation consider that too narrow an understanding of what is 'trafficking' may impede investigations, prosecutions and convictions related to practices that should indeed fall within this term - or indeed operate to exclude such practices altogether. Claims that 'all trafficking is slavery' and 'all forced labour is trafficking' are just two manifestations of what has been termed 'exploitation creep'. The risk that important concepts contained in the Protocol are not clearly understood and, therefore, are not consistently implemented and applied has been acknowledged by States Parties. In 2010, the Open-ended Interim Working Group on the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Working Group on Trafficking in Persons) recommended that UNODC prepare a series of Issue Papers "to assist criminal justice officers in penal proceedings" on several concepts identified as problematic. The first Issue Paper, on the concept of "abuse of a position of vulnerability and other 'means'" was completed and issued in 2012, along with a Guidance Note for Practitioners. The second study, which dealt with the issue of "consent" was completed and issued in 2014. That study did not lend itself to a Guidance Note but a list of 'Key Considerations" for practitioners was formulated and included as an annex to the Issue Paper. The present study focuses on the third definitional concept identified as requiring attention: the concept of "exploitation". Each study has adopted a similar methodology, with occasional refinements to reflect lessons learned. The methodology includes (i) a desk review of relevant literature including legislation and case law; (ii) a survey of States representing different regions and legal traditions through legislative and case review as well as interviews with practitioners; (iii) preparation of a draft issue paper; (iii) review of the draft issue paper and development of additional guidance at an international expert group meeting; and (v) finalization of the Issue paper and any associated guidance. This present Issue Paper is divided into five parts. Part 1 sets out introductory and background material. Part 2 provides an overview and analysis of the international legal and policy framework around exploitation with a particular focus on the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Part 3 summarises and analyses the results of the survey conducted of national law and practice as it relates to exploitation within the definition of trafficking. Part 4 seeks to draw together the findings from the survey. The final part, Part 5, provides guidance emanated in the process of developing this paper, including through the surveys and expert interviews as well as in the expert group meeting in October 2014. Details: Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2016 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/unodc_ip_exploitation_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/unodc_ip_exploitation_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 137472 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: End Violence Against Women Coalition Title: 'Just the Women': An evaluation of eleven British national newspapers' portrayal of women over a two week period in September 2012...... Summary: Women's rights advocates have long been concerned with the potential for the media to create, reinforce, perpetuate, or alternatively challenge, sexism and discrimination, and were heartened to see the Leveson Inquiry make a call for submissions which would shed light on the way newsrooms operate; the training that journalists receive; whether the general law which individuals are subject to is adequate for press regulation; and the relationship between democracy and a free press. As such, our four organisations made written submissions to the Inquiry last December and were pleased to be asked to give oral evidence in January of this year. Our submissions focused on the representation of women, and violence against women in particular, within the British press. We argued that much current newspaper reporting about crimes of violence against women promotes and reinforces myths and stereotypes about abuse (such as 'real' and 'deserving' victims, 'provoked' or 'tragic' perpetrators etc.); is often inaccurate; and does not give context about the true scale of violence against women and girls (VAWG), or the culture in which it occurs. Such reporting can tend towards the normalisation, eroticisation and even condoning of VAWG. It sends a message to survivors of abuse that they will not be believed or that what happened to them will not be taken seriously, and it tells potential perpetrators that their actions will not be sanctioned. As the Crown Prosecution Service stated shortly after we gave evidence to the Inquiry, this prejudicial reporting may seriously undermine the justice system by having an impact on jurors' decision-making. Details: London: EAVES, 2012. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2016 at: http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/51/Just-the-Women-Nov-2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/51/Just-the-Women-Nov-2012.pdf Shelf Number: 137761 Keywords: Journalists Media Newspapers Sexual Exploitation Violence Against Women and Girls

Author: Zervos, Eleni Title: The Invisible Crime: Sex Trafficking in Greece. An Analysis of the Structural Barriers and Vulnerability Victims Face in Seeking Protection Summary: Human trafficking remains one of the most pervasive and profitable organized criminal activities in the world. Generating $150 billion globally, it ranks as the third largest and fastest growing international crime, exploiting millions of people in the process. A criminal industry driven by market demands, its vast spread can be credited to its economic model as a low risk enterprise with immense financial gains. It ranges from both sexual and labor exploitation, to organ harvesting and, in some cases, forced begging and theft5. Of the 21 million people human trafficking victimizes, 11.4 million are women and girls while 9.5 million are men and boys. 33% are children7. The most common form of trafficking, accounting for 53% of all individuals trafficked, is sexual exploitation8 victimizing 4.1 million people9 with females making up an overwhelming majority of 97%. Unfortunately, given the illicit nature of these human rights violations, it is difficult to accurately assess the full scope of this crime and any data collected represents either only one portion of this large-scale issue or is based on estimates. When reviewing these statistics, it is also important to take into consideration that higher numbers of reported trafficking victims in one country do not necessarily signify higher actual numbers of victims, but might simply represent a more sophisticated means of data acquisition in that particular country. There are, however, global trends that can be identified when studying how human trafficking spreads throughout the world. While it is a crime with international reach, victims are often from impoverished countries with limited resources. Wealthier countries are generally where demand and exploitation is highest. In particular, human trafficking tends to thrive in countries where women's rights are devalued, and where women typically hold economically disadvantaged positions in comparison to their male counterparts. Trafficking is prevalent in conflict zones, both because they are intrinsically a context where the risk of exploitation is elevated, and because some members of local peacekeeping missions have been known to solicit sexual activity with trafficking victims themselves. Details: Athens: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign policy, 2015. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 69/2015: Accessed March 4, 2016 at: http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/69_2015_-WORKING-PAPER-_Eleni-Zervos.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Greece URL: http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/69_2015_-WORKING-PAPER-_Eleni-Zervos.pdf Shelf Number: 138036 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cheon, Hyunjung Title: Police Estimates of Sex Trafficking: Venues, Trends, and Data Sources Summary: Over the past two decades, United States policymakers and the public have become increasingly aware of and concerned about the trafficking of persons for commercial sex. In 2000, the federal government passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). Since then, law enforcement agencies at all levels have engaged in identifying and responding to sex trafficking problems. Estimates of the prevalence of U.S. sex trafficking vary, depending on the data sources used. Most estimates of the magnitude of sex trafficking in this country are made by federal entities. Relatively little is known, however, about the sources of information actually used by local police agencies to assess and understand sex trafficking problems in their own communities. To help fill that gap, the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety at Arizona State University, with the support of the McCain Institute, surveyed a sample of local police agencies across the country, seeking to understand (a) their estimation of the magnitude of sex trafficking problems in their jurisdictions in 2014, (b) their perceptions of the nature of the local problems, (c) the sources of information relied upon to assess and form perceptions of those problems, and (d) their experience in addressing sex trafficking issues. Seventy-two of the largest municipal police agencies in the U.S. completed the survey. The following are the key findings from their responses: - The majority of respondents indicated that the magnitude of the sex trafficking problem in the various venues in their communities (i.e., massage parlors, escort agencies, adult clubs, brothels, non-licensed cantinas) was relatively unchanged over time. More than 80 percent reported, however, that the rate of online sex advertising was increasing. - For sex trafficking of juveniles, online sex advertising was the most prevalent venue. - Sex trafficking victims were most likely to be female and aged 18 to 24 years; the United States was most commonly their country of origin. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2015. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2016 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/CVPCS-PoliceEstimatesOfSexTrafficking.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/CVPCS-PoliceEstimatesOfSexTrafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 138192 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Social Media

Author: Bouche, Vanessa Title: Identifying Effective Counter-Trafficking: Programs and Practices in the U.S.: Legislative, Legal, and Public Opinion Strategies that Work Summary: After more than a decade of sustained efforts to combat human trafficking in the United States, it is necessary to step back and examine the effectiveness of key anti-trafficking strategies. Utilizing a multi-method approach, we examine 1) the effectiveness of state-level human trafficking legislation to determine what specific legislative provisions are most effective for obtaining desired outcomes, 2) the characteristics of state prosecutions for human trafficking offenses to determine how state laws are being used to hold offenders accountable, and 3) what the public knows about human trafficking, why the public holds the beliefs that they do, and what the public expects from government anti-trafficking efforts. Together the three parts of the study inform efforts to develop effective counter-trafficking programs and practices for legislators, law enforcement, the courts, anti-trafficking agencies, and the public. Part I: Evaluating How State Anti-Trafficking Statutes Impact Human Trafficking Arrests & Prosecutions Purpose: To determine whether state adoption of various anti-trafficking legal provisions increases the identification, arrest, and prosecution of human trafficking suspects. Methodology: All state human trafficking laws enacted between 2003 and 2012 were classified by statutory provisions grouped into three broad categories: state investment, civil remedies, and criminalization. Models were estimated predicting whether statutory provisions were associated with the arrest and prosecution of human trafficking offenders in each state in the years following enactment. To measure human trafficking arrest and prosecution outcomes we constructed a database of 3,225 human trafficking suspects who were identified in open source information across all states from 2003 to 2012. Findings: - Criminalization of human trafficking has been the dominant legislative response. State provisions for human trafficking have expanded over time and more states have legislated on human trafficking through criminalization than through state investment or civil remedies. State human trafficking penalties, however, vary widely across the country. - Laws that have potential fiscal or bureaucratic impact on the state anti-trafficking efforts increase arrests for human trafficking, with the exception of mandating data collection or reporting about human trafficking, which is negatively related to human trafficking arrests. - Requiring the National Human Trafficking Hotline number to be posted in public places is the most important provision for increasing the number of human trafficking arrests (though mandating the posting of the national hotline does not predict prosecution). Task forces are the strongest predictors of both state prosecution of human trafficking suspects for any criminal offense type and prosecution of suspects for human trafficking specific offenses. - Overall, civil provisions are less effective in predicting arrests and prosecutions than state investment measures. However, safe harbor and civil action provisions are two civil remedies that do strongly predict arrest and prosecutions. - More comprehensive laws increase arrests and prosecutions for human trafficking, but harsher criminal penalties do not. In other words, it is more important that state human trafficking legislation be comprehensive across all categories rather than being extremely harsh in only one category. Part II: Analysis of Identified State Human Trafficking Cases Purpose: To date there has not been any comprehensive study of the characteristics, legal process, or disposition of human trafficking offenses adjudicated in state courts. Utilizing a unique source of data on 479 state human trafficking prosecutions, we examine the effect of different legal processes and extra-legal factors in prosecutions of human trafficking cases. Methodology: Based on data collected from the open-source search process (described above), and a survey of states attorneys general about all known state human trafficking prosecutions, we identified human trafficking suspects who were arrested between 2003 and 2012 and prosecuted under a state human trafficking statute. For each of these suspects, we requested court records from the appropriate local court. All suspect court records were coded to identify information about the nature of the criminal charge, the process of adjudicating the charge, and the case disposition. Findings: - There is dramatic unevenness in the utilization of state human trafficking charges across the US. Thirty-nine percent (39%) of identified suspects who were charged with a state human trafficking offense were from California. - Human trafficking suspects were charged with multiple offenses in addition to the trafficking charge. The most common accompanying charges were: prostitution-related charges (34%), pimping/pandering charges (37%), sexual abuse or rape charges (29%), and kidnapping charges (17%). - Fifty-three percent (53%) of the suspects charged with a state human trafficking offense had that offense dismissed prior to adjudication, 13% of suspects went to trial on the human trafficking charges, and 35% of suspects plead guilty to a human trafficking charge before trial. Although human trafficking suspects were convicted of human trafficking crimes in only 45% of the studied cases, human trafficking suspects were convicted of any state crime in 72% of the cases. - State human trafficking cases are lengthy and involve numerous motions and hearing. Cases involving adult victims took longer than cases involving minor victims and were more likely to go to trial. When cases do go to trial defendants face significantly more severe penalties than when cases are adjudicated through a guilty plea. Because few state human trafficking cases go to trial, the legal environment and best prosecution strategies remain uncertain. Part III: Evaluating Public Opinion on Human Trafficking Purpose: Perhaps the most important and least understood mechanism in combatting human trafficking is public engagement. Given the intimate relationship between public opinion and public policy, it is vital that we gauge what the public knows, thinks, and feels about human trafficking and uncover the mechanisms that make human trafficking a more salient issue for the general public. Methodology: To measure public opinion on human trafficking we administered a survey experiment to a representative sample of 2,000 Americans in the spring of 2014. The first goal of the survey was to track what the public knows, thinks, and feels about human trafficking. The second goal of the survey was to identify factors that may cause people to change the way they think about and engage with the issue. Findings: - A strong majority of the public has a solid understanding that human trafficking is a form of slavery (90%), but many hold incorrect beliefs about human trafficking, including that human trafficking victims are almost always female (92%), is another word for smuggling (71%), always requires threats of or actual physical violence (62%), involves mostly illegal immigrants (62%), and requires movement across state or national borders (59%). - The public is concerned about the issue of human trafficking. Over 80% of the public reports that they have 'some' or 'a lot' of concern about human trafficking and only 3% of the public reports having no concern. Fifty-one percent (51%) say that human trafficking should be a top or high priority of the US government. White males are the least likely to be concerned about human trafficking and least likely to think it should be a government priority. - The US public thinks sex trafficking is a more significant problem than labor trafficking, women/girls are more at risk than men/boys, and that human trafficking happens in the U.S. but not in a person's community. - When the public is exposed to human trafficking victims that are not typically highlighted in the news (i.e., young males), they are highly concerned about the victimization and want the government to take action. - Sex-related behaviors affect beliefs about human trafficking. Respondents who consumed pornography within the last year have more knowledge of human trafficking, but they think that it should be less of a government priority. Similarly, respondents visiting a strip club within the last year reported lower levels of concern about human trafficking and thought that human trafficking should be less of a government priority than those respondents not visiting a strip club within the last year. - The public has not made the connection between how their own attitudes and behaviors can either help or hinder the movement against human trafficking. Details: Final Report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2015. 95p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249670.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249670.pdf Shelf Number: 138206 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Commission. Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs Title: Study on the gender dimension of trafficking in human beings: final report Summary: The purpose of this study is to contribute to the identification and understanding of what it means to be 'taking into account the gender perspective, to strengthen the prevention of this crime and protection of the victims thereof', as required in Article 1 of European Union (EU Directive 2011/36/EU on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims in the context of the EU Strategy (COM(2012) 286 final) Towards the eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings. The study contributes to Priority E Action 2 of the Strategy, which states that "the Commission will develop knowledge on the gender dimensions of human trafficking, including the gender consequences of the various forms of trafficking and potential differences in the vulnerability of men and women to victimisation and its impact on them". Its specific objectives and tasks are to address: the "gender dimension of vulnerability, recruitment, and victimisation"; "gender issues related to traffickers and to those creating demand"; and "an examination of law and policy responses on trafficking in human beings from a gender perspective". This study, according to its terms of reference, aims to look specifically at the gender dimension of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This follows evidence from statistical data from Eurostat, as well as data from The European Police Office (Europol) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), according to which the most reported form of exploitation of victims is that of sexual exploitation and its strong gender dimension (96 % women and girls). It further addresses recommendations addressed in the Resolution of the European Parliament of 26 February 2014 on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality (2013/2103(INI)) urging the European Commission to evaluate the impact that the European legal framework designed to eliminate trafficking for sexual exploitation has had to date and to undertake further research on patterns of prostitution, on human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on the increased level of sex tourism in the EU, with particular reference to minors, and to promote the exchange of best practices among the Member States. The study is situated within the law and policy environment in the EU on anti-trafficking in human beings and on gender equality. This includes analysis of the gender dimension of each of the fields that are identified as priorities in the EU Strategy (COM(2012) 286 final) towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings (victim assistance, law enforcement, prevention by demand reduction, coherence and coordination, and knowledge and emerging concerns). The study uses reviews of relevant literature, in-depth case studies and high-level analysis in order to reach conclusions with regard to the gender dimensions of trafficking in human beings and make recommendations concerning law and policy implementation and improvement. Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2016. 240p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 1, 2016 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/study_on_the_gender_dimension_of_trafficking_in_human_beings._final_report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/study_on_the_gender_dimension_of_trafficking_in_human_beings._final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 138522 Keywords: Gender-Specific Responses Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victimization Victims of Trafficking

Author: Vogel, Dita Title: The Concept of Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings: Using Contributions from Economics in Search of Clarification Summary: Working Paper 3 examines how economic contributions can help clarify some of the terminology used in the DemandAT project. It sets out economic theories of 'demand', and contrasts these to common understandings of the concept of demand and prices as employed in debates on anti-trafficking, as well as understandings of the role of coercion. The paper suggests that the use of these terms has often been vague and inconsistent. The paper illustrates these problems by looking at three examples of the application of economics concepts in literature on THB. It concludes that what is needed most urgently is more context dependent data interpretation, rather than more data. Details: Vienna: Demand-Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper No. 3: Accessed May 11, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP3_Vogel_Economics_for_Conceptual_Clarification_FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP3_Vogel_Economics_for_Conceptual_Clarification_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 139002 Keywords: Economics and Crime Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Boswell, Christina Title: Steering Demand and the Quest for 'Better Regulation' Summary: What can we learn from other policy sectors about how best to regulate demand for illegal or undesirable goods/services? Drawing on insights from the areas of illegal drugs, tobacco and employment, Working Paper 4 uses a typology of regulatory approaches to identify types of smart regulation that might be most pertinent to measures addressing demand related to trafficking. The authors note the challenges of transferring policy solutions and critique the rationalist presuppositions underpinning the literature on regulation. In particular, the paper shows how issue framing shapes policy responses. This, in turn, poses the question as to how issue definition and framing might act as a constraint on developing new approaches to address demand in THB. Details: Vienna: Demand-Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2016. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper No. 4: Accessed May 11, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP4_Boswell_Kyambi_Steering_Regulations_FINAL.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP4_Boswell_Kyambi_Steering_Regulations_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 139003 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Pettersen, Lone Charlotte Title: Tracking the Trafficker? A Qualitative Study of the Investigation of Trafficking in Human Beings in Norway Summary: Trafficking in human beings (THB) is a vast global problem where the cynic exploitation of fellow human beings is limited only by the exploiter's creativity and cruelty. This paper looks upon the phenomena of THB from a law enforcement perspective, thus defining and problematizing it as a crime against humanity and a crime against international and national laws. Consequently, understanding the complexity of the crime enables the investigator and prosecutor to better conduct criminal investigations to uncover, prevent and prosecute the crime of THB. Norway is a recipient country, and to some extent also a transit country, which means that the victims of THB in Norway are mostly from foreign countries. However, the numbers on THB are not reliable when it comes to describing the reality of victims that have yet to be identified by Norwegian authorities. Thus, the majority of THB-cases reported, investigated and receiving convictions, are THB for sexual exploitation. Trafficking for other types of exploitation is widely underreported. At the same time, research on the field of trafficking in Norway has focused mainly on sexual exploitation. However, this paper does not distinguish between the different types of exploitation. Rather, it focuses on how the police investigate the phenomena in order to be able to prosecute the traffickers. As such, this paper is based on a qualitative study where police investigators and police prosecutors from 8 different police districts in Norway have been interviewed about their knowledge and experience in investigating cases of THB. The study aims to answer the following approach to the research topic: Tracking the Trafficker? A qualitative study of the investigation of trafficking in human beings in Norway. The research findings suggest that there is a severe lack of competency in THB in general in the Norwegian police and that this affects the outcome of THB-cases in several ways. The police does not initiate THB-cases themselves, rather they are to a large extent recipients of information from others - especially the victim. This leads to a highly victim-oriented approach to the investigation, placing much responsibility on the victim to provide the investigation with sufficient information to identify the trafficker or other important part of the exploitation they have been exposed to. Furthermore, the victim itself is considered a great challenge in the investigation of THB-cases. The findings also indicate that the organisational structure of the police districts, combined with how THB is prioritized with regard to resources and personnel, may have some affect as to how the investigation is conducted in the different police districts. Details: Oslo: Politihogskolen , 2015. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/297965/master_Pettersen_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Norway URL: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/297965/master_Pettersen_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 139074 Keywords: Human Trafficking Police Investigations Sexual Exploitation

Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism: Regional Report: Southeast Asia Summary: In 2014, Southeast Asia had the fastest growth in tourism worldwide. SECTT by foreigners was first highlighted here, sparking global efforts to combat the crime. Traditional destinations such as Thailand and the Philippines still attract TCSOs, while Cambodia, Indonesia and Vietnam are becoming key destinations and Myanmar is at risk as it opens up to tourists. While the focus has long been on foreign tourists, male nationals account for the vast majority of offenders. Special Economic and Free Trade Zones in some countries have been identified as locations for SECTT and the region is seeing more webcam-based child sex tourism. No country has a specific plan or designated agency to tackle SECTT. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2016. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/regional/southeast-asia/ Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/regional/southeast-asia/ Shelf Number: 139224 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Country Specific Report: South Africa Summary: At the First World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in Stockholm in 1996, governments first recognised the commercial sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (CSECTT) as a global crime of epidemic proportion. Since then, much work has been done by international organisations, governments and tourism stakeholders to combat CSECTT. The increasing cross-border movement of people, consumerism, globalisation and new technologies, however, have enabled CSECTT to evolve and manifest in new forms. Often a high influx of tourists and travellers increases the problem, especially in developing countries where poverty and socio-economic inequalities are persistent. Some African countries are considered emerging tourism destinations for child sexual offenders. It is difficult to obtain statistics or figures on the scale and scope of such violations due to the lack of studies or research as well as the hidden nature of the phenomenon. According to ECPAT International's African network members, South Africa is one of the countries most affected by CSECTT in the African region. ECPAT Germany, in cooperation with Bread for the World and Fair Trade Tourism (FTT), published a report entitled Don't Look Away: Be Aware and Report the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism in December 2013. This assessment of CSECTT, the first of its kind in South Africa, provides an overview of the problem in the country's tourism industry. This report is intended to strengthen the Don't Look Away report and thus enhance efforts to protect children from being sexually exploited by travellers and tourists. As part of the research to develop this supplementing report, key stakeholders from the child protection, public and tourism sectors in five provinces of South Africa were interviewed for their perceptions of the extent of CESCTT in South African tourism as well associated public, private and civil society responses. The report is divided into five sections. The first looks at the methodology used to collect data for the report, while the second section identifies limitations and associated implications for the study and defines and reviews relevant terminology in relation to CSECTT in South Africa. The third section focuses on stakeholders' perceptions and opinions of CSECTT in South Africa. It looks at whether CSECTT is considered by respondents to be an issue, their views on which children are vulnerable to becoming victims of the crime and impressions of potential offenders as well as their opinions on the role that information and communication technology has in aiding CSECTT. The fourth section presents an overview of the level of awareness and opinions of the respondents on services available to protect and assist victims and their perceptions of the relative strengths and weaknesses of current responses to reports of CSECTT, including the role of the criminal justice system. The final section draws conclusions and recommendations based on the findings of this research to improve the protection of children from CSECTT in South Africa. Details: Pretoria: Fair Trade Tourism, 2015. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Country-report-South-Africa.pdf Year: 2015 Country: South Africa URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Country-report-South-Africa.pdf Shelf Number: 139225 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: Falegan, Oluwatominsin O. Title: Risk Factors for Sex Work Recidivism in Commercial Sexual Exploitation Victims Summary: INTRODUCTION: An estimated 4.9 million individuals worldwide are currently victims of some form of commercial sexual exploitation. Although there are differing opinions on what can be classified as commercial sexual exploitation, study findings demonstrate that the risk factors and health outcomes for individuals forced or who opt to enter sex work include mental illness, lack of social support, physical injuries and substance abuse. Although studies note that sex work recidivism may be an issue for victims who have exited the commercial sexual exploitation industry, literature addressing the cause and incidence of the phenomenon is very limited. AIM: The purpose of this study was to identify and explore possible risk factors for sex work recidivism by using factors noted in criminal recidivism that align with outcomes for commercial sexual exploitation. The author hypothesizes that individual level factors, such as mental health, substance abuse, and history of abuse, and relationship level factors, such as social support or the lack there of, will be discussed the most in the literature analyzed. METHODS: The researcher did a systematic search of terms related to commercial sexual exploitation (namely: prostitution and sex trafficking) in Georgia State University's online library database and PubMed. Inclusion criteria for this project was the use of terms in an abstract or title and content addressing health outcomes of commercial sexual exploitation. Using an adaptation of the socio-ecological model, the researcher completed a content analysis on articles that met inclusion criteria and extracted and counted the most prevalent themes. Ultimately, the themes were categorized by the four levels of the socio-ecological model. RESULTS: Out of the 47 articles initially retrieved, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Individual and Societal level factors were mentioned in 20 of the 21 articles. Relationship level factors were mentioned in 17 of the 21 articles, and Community level factors were mentioned in 16 of the 21 articles. DISCUSSION: The findings supported the researcher's hypothesis that individual level factors such as mental illness and substance abuse would be most prevalent in the studies analyzed. However, the findings demonstrating the equal prevalence of societal factors such as inequalities and economic instabilities was a deviation from the author's predictions. Details: Atlanta: Georgia State University, School of Public Health, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Capstone Project: Accessed June 1, 2016 at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=iph_capstone Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=iph_capstone Shelf Number: 139253 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Recidivism Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Carpenter, Ami Title: The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County: Executive Summary Summary: The overall purpose of this project was to investigate the nature and assess of the scope of gang involvement in sex trafficking in San Diego County. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon with a variety of local manifestations, including labor and sex trafficking. San Diego is ranked by the FBI as one of the nation's 13 highest areas of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities, and even less on the connection between sex trafficking and gangs. Prior to this study, much of what was known about sex trafficking in San Diego County was anecdotal and descriptive. The study's basic premise was that empirical investigation would prove useful for both policy and practice. This 3-year study reports on three major sets of findings: (1) the scope and nature of gang involvement in sex trafficking and commercial sexual activity, including detailed analysis of sex trafficking facilitation (2) the scope of nature of victimization in San Diego County, and (3) estimates of the regional commercial sex economy. It was designed to improve on seven shortcomings in human or sex trafficking research thus far: 1. Few credible estimates of the scale of sex trafficking in a particular region 2. The common conflation of commercial sexual exploitation and prostitution with sex trafficking 3. Lack of primary data on sex trafficking 4. Inability to identify networks of sex traffickers 5. Understudied extent of gang involvement in sex trafficking 6. Over-reliance on qualitative methods 7. Small sample sizes Details: San Diego: University of San Diego, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://www.abolishhumantrafficking.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Executive-Summary.Final-Technical-Report.NIJ2016-1.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.abolishhumantrafficking.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Executive-Summary.Final-Technical-Report.NIJ2016-1.pdf Shelf Number: 139314 Keywords: Gangs Human trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: McIntyre, Susan Title: Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Man. Manitoba Edition Summary: In December of 2002, Strolling Away was released. Strolling Away represented a longitudinal retrospective study that examined young people from the sexual exploitation trade in 1991-1992 and then again in 2001-2002. The opportunity to interview individuals 10 years later was valuable. One of its major findings was that we know very little about young men involved in the sexual exploitation trade. The young men I interviewed commented on how my questions were "chick questions". It was clear that we have traditionally looked at this issue through a female lens. It became evident through this study that more research was required in order to understand young men in the sexual exploitation trade. Interviews for Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Men - Manitoba Edition began in March 2006 and wrapped up in January 2007. Forty young men were interviewed in total. All forty interviews occurred in Winnipeg. Characteristics of Respondents - 67% of this population are of Aboriginal heritage - 55% had involvement with the Child Welfare System - Just over 30% had completed high school - 77% had a history of running away - 80% had a history prior to the street of being sexually violated - 87% had been physically violated and witnessed aggression while growing up - 70% entered the sexual exploitation trade under the age of 18 - 15% entered the sexual exploitation trade over the age of 20 - Males entered the sexual exploitation trade younger and stayed longer than young women - Close to 70% experienced staying in shelters - Almost everyone felt no one should do this type of work - The fear of gay-bashing exists - Drug use is extensive - Exiting the sexual exploitation trade is a long process, and is usually attempted more than once - Almost everyone has, and does, access HIV / STD testing Details: Calgary, Alberta: The Hindsight Group, 2008. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2016 at: http://www.gov.mb.ca/fs/traciastrust/pubs/under_the_radar.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://www.gov.mb.ca/fs/traciastrust/pubs/under_the_radar.pdf Shelf Number: 139359 Keywords: Child Prostitution Male Sex Workers Male Sexual Abuse Victims Prostitution Sex Crimes Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala Title: Human trafficking for sexual exploitation purposes in Guatemala Summary: Human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a human and social drama, a human rights violation and a criminal offense. It is an illegal practice that affects particularly girls, boys and adolescents, robbing them of their innocence and dignity. It is an unacceptable offense that violates basic rights, while perpetrators benefit, profit, torture and truncate the lives of persons by inflicting suffering on those who are more vulnerable. Trafficking in persons is a form of contemporary slavery that should compel society at large, and authorities, particularly, to reject and decisively eradicate it. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), present the report Sexual Trafficking in Persons in Guatemala within the framework of their mandates, sharing common goals in the area of human rights protection and the fight against impunity, which documents the significance and the consequences of this criminal phenomenon in the country. The objective of this effort is to provide guidance for public policy, budget and investigation strategies in order to identify and dismantle criminal structures, as well as to promote other efforts that ultimately help to prevent and fight the scourge, provide assistance to victims and impart justice to prevent offenses from remaining unpunished. The report includes extensive theoretical and field investigation that identifies Guatemala as a country of origin, transit and reception of trafficking victims. Universal consensus rates this crime as a grave human rights violation, made more serious by the ability of criminal structures to operate transnationally, which makes the problem more complex and imposes difficulties on States to identify, prosecute and dismantle criminal groups. According to the analysis and findings of the report, there are an estimated 48,500 direct victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Guatemala, and the illegal profits produced by this offense amount to 12.3 billion quetzales, equivalent to 2.7% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), that is, more than the total budget to educate children and adolescents, estimated at 1.44% of the GDP in 2014. Details: Guatemala City: CICIG, 2016. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2016 at: http://www.cicig.org/uploads/documents/2016/Trata_Ing_978_9929_40_829_6.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Guatemala URL: http://www.cicig.org/uploads/documents/2016/Trata_Ing_978_9929_40_829_6.pdf Shelf Number: 139363 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Carpenter, Ami Title: The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County: Full Report Summary: INTRODUCTION In 2011, San Diego County created the multi-agency San Diego County Regional Human Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Advisory Council with the objective to reduce human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children in San Diego County and the Mexico border region through prevention, prosecution, protection and partnerships. As co-chairs of the Research and Data Sub-Committee of this advisory council, Drs. Carpenter and Gates were asked to pursue a research agenda that would help develop robust measures of the scope of human trafficking in San Diego County. Of particular interest to the County Advisory Council was empirical evidence of the suspected relationship between gangs and human trafficking. BACKGROUND AND STUDY OBJECTIVES The overall purpose of this project was to investigate the nature and assess of the scope of gang involvement in sex trafficking in San Diego County. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon with a variety of local manifestations, including labor and sex trafficking. San Diego is ranked by the FBI as one of the nation's 13 highest areas of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities, and even less on the connection between sex trafficking and gangs. Prior to this study, much of what was known about sex trafficking in San Diego County was anecdotal and descriptive. The study's basic premise was that empirical investigation would prove useful for both policy and practice. This 3-year study reports on three major sets of findings: (1) the scope and nature of gang involvement in sex trafficking and commercial sexual activity, including detailed analysis of sex trafficking facilitation (2) the scope of nature of victimization in San Diego County, and (3) estimates of the regional commercial sex economy. It was designed to improve on seven shortcomings in human or sex trafficking research thus far: 1. Few credible estimates of the scale of sex trafficking in a particular region 2. The common conflation of commercial sexual exploitation and prostitution with sex trafficking 3. Lack of primary data on sex trafficking 4. Inability to identify networks of sex traffickers 5. Understudied extent of gang involvement in sex trafficking 6. Over-reliance on qualitative methods 7. Small sample sizes Details: Final report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2016. 172p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 13, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249857.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249857.pdf Shelf Number: 139400 Keywords: Gangs Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Asylum Support Office Title: Nigeria: Sex trafficking of women Summary: Not all migration of Nigerian sex workers to Europe involves human trafficking. However, the present report focuses on the modus operandi of the trafficking of Nigerian women to Europe for the purpose of prostitution and on the situation of the victims of trafficking returned to Nigeria. To some extent, and insofar as it relates to the modus operandi of trafficking, the report looks into the situation of Nigerian trafficked women once they have reached Europe. The report does not examine the trafficking of Nigerian women within Nigeria, nor does it examine the trafficking of Nigerian women to non-European countries (Africa, Middle East, Central Asia). Moreover, the report does not purport to cover human trafficking for purposes not related to prostitution, such as domestic servitude and forced labour. While the underlying causes of human trafficking in Nigeria are outside the scope of this report, they are briefly touched upon in Chapter 1. Details: Brussels: EASO, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: EASO County of Origin Information Report: Accessed July 13, 2016 at: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5631cf0a4.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5631cf0a4.pdf Shelf Number: 139630 Keywords: Asylum Seekers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barefoot Research and Evaluation Title: Selling Sex for Survival: Adult sexual exploitati on and prosti tuti on in the North East and Cumbria Summary: We have been researching sex work and prostitution across the North East and Cumbria since 2006 and are now able to present a regional picture1. In these studies we have found nearly 1700 people involved in prostitution in the 13 local authority areas that make up the region. If we estimate that two transactions take place each day (bearing in mind activity will vary from occasional to multiple daily transactions), it equates to 3400 men buying sex each day and over a million transactions each year in the North East and Cumbria alone. We have found that about half of the women (and some of the men) involved in prostitution do so to survive and not out of choice. Most of our research focuses on these women and men who sell sex for survival. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundation, 2015. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://www.barefootresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Selling-Sex-in-NE-Jan16.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.barefootresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Selling-Sex-in-NE-Jan16.pdf Shelf Number: 139796 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Beckett, Helen Title: "It's Wrong...but you get used to it": A qualitative study of gang-associated sexual violence towards, and exploitation of, young people in England Summary: 1. The research was commissioned by the Office of the Children's Commissioner for England as part of its Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups. The research aimed to consider: the scale and nature of gang-associated sexual violence and exploitation in six areas of England; the main pathways into gang-related sexual violence and exploitation for young people living in these neighbourhoods; and potential models for an effective multi-agency response to the issue. Details: Bedfordshire, UK: University of Bedfordshire, 2013. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2016 at: http://uobrep.openrepository.com/uobrep/bitstream/10547/305795/1/Gangs-Report-final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://uobrep.openrepository.com/uobrep/bitstream/10547/305795/1/Gangs-Report-final.pdf Shelf Number: 131719 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Gang-Related Violence Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence

Author: Corona, Samantha Title: Students Together Reducing Exploitation and Trafficking Team: success and challenges Summary: This program evaluation study aimed to highlight the growth, accomplishments and challenges of Students Together Reducing Exploitation and Trafficking (S.T.R.E.A.T.) Team, a human sex trafficking program in the Sacramento City Unified School District from 2012 to 2015. The program was analyzed based on existing service records, S.T.R.E.A.T. Team workshops surveys, and three key informant interviews. Three major findings were identified (1) the importance of creating a team with a survivor and ally led perspective; (2) school systems have been identified as areas of opportunity to engage with youth on this topic; and (3) evaluation of program outcomes to facilitate the team's ability to spread awareness of sex trafficking to youth. Sex trafficking of youth has infringed on basic human rights, an implication for the profession of social work. Details: Sacramento: California State University, 2016. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/173390 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/173390 Shelf Number: 139909 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sowell, Chamaera M. Title: Not a Victim: Challenges of Providing Services to Sexually Exploited Youth Summary: The number of youth that have been sexually exploited continues to rise. In order to better understand the barriers sexually exploited youth may encounter when trying to seek services, this study explores social workers� perspectives on why these barriers exist. Qualitative interviews were used to gather the experience of social workers who have worked with sexually exploited youth. Six themes consistent with research emerged; these themes are: characteristics of the girls, victim status, lack of awareness, support services, systemic responses and Minnesota responses. These themes show the various reasons youth may not seek services. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Details: St. Paul, MN: St. Catherine University and the University of St. Thomas, 2016. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Paper 671 Accessed September 2, 2016 at: http://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1679&context=msw_papers Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1679&context=msw_papers Shelf Number: 140118 Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Sexual Exploitation Social Work Victim Services

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Human Trafficking: Agencies Have Taken Steps to Assess Prevalence, Address Victim Issues, and Avoid Grant Duplication Summary: Human trafficking - the exploitation of a person typically through force, fraud, or coercion for such purpose s as forced labor , involuntary servitude or commercial sex - is occurring in the United States . Congress has passed multiple laws to help ensure punishment of traffickers and protection of victims. DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security lead federal investigations and prosecutions of trafficking crimes. The Departments of Defense, Labor, and State, and the Equal E mployment Opportunity Commission investigate trafficking related offenses under certain circumstances , and take further action, as appropriate. DOJ and HHS awar d grants to fund victim service programs. The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 includes a provision for GAO to review la w enforcement efforts and grant programs to combat human trafficking and assist victims in the United States . This report discusses (1) federal efforts to assess prevalence of human trafficking ( 2) challenges agencies face in investigating and prosecuting human trafficking cases, and 3) federal grants and steps taken to prevent duplication. GAO reviewed trafficking data and agency documents, and conducted 32 interview s with federal, state and local law enforcement officials and prosecutors in four jurisdictions . We selected t hese jurisdictions based on the number of human trafficking tips they received, receipt of human trafficking task force funding and geographic variation. These officials' perspectives cannot be generalized to all jurisdictions but they provide insights into anti -trafficking efforts. What GAO Found Federal agencies have begun efforts to assess the prevalence of human trafficking in the United States and develop data standards and definitions to help facilitate prevalence studies. For example, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is spons oring the Human Trafficking Data Collection Project , which seeks to inform the development of an integrated data collection platform regarding human trafficking victimization, establish baseline knowledge of human trafficking and victim needs, and support effective prevention and intervention responses. HHS, in consultation with key stakeholders, has developed draft data fields and definitions for human trafficking and expects to begin piloting the data collection effort in fall 2016. Further, the National Institute of Justice, within the Department of Justice (DOJ) , has awarded grants for the development and testing of methodologies that could be used to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking. Federal, state and local law enforcement officials and prosecutor s GAO interviewed reported that investigating and prosecuting human trafficking cases is challenging for multiple reasons, including a lack of victim cooperation, limited availability of services for victims, and difficulty identifying human trafficking. Officials told us that obtaining the victim's cooperation is important because the victim is generally the primary witness and source of evidence; however, obtaining and securing victims' cooperation is difficult , as victims may be unable or unwilling to testify due to distrust of law enforcement or fear of retaliation by the trafficker. According to these officials, victim service programs , such as those that provide mental health and substance abuse services , have helped improve victim cooperation ; however, the availability of services is limited. Further, officials reported that identifying and distinguishing human trafficking from other crimes such as prostitution can be challenging. Federal, state, and local agencies have taken or are taki ng actions to address these challenges, such as increasing the availability of victim services through grants and implementing training and public awareness initiatives. GAO identified 4 2 grant programs with awards made in 2014 and 2015 that may be used to combat human trafficking or to assist victims of human trafficking, 15 of which are intended solely for these purposes . Although some overlap exists among these human trafficking grant programs, federal agencies have established processes to help prevent unnecessary duplication. For instance, in response to recommendations in a prior GAO report, DOJ requires grant applicants to identify any federal grants they are currently operating under as well as federal grants for which they have applied. In addition, agencies that participate in the Grantmaking C ommittee of the Senior Policy Operating Group are encouraged to share grant solicitations and information on proposed grant awards, allowing other agencies to comment on proposed grant awards and determine whether they plan to award funding to the same organization. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-16-555: Accessed September 6, 2016 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678041.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678041.pdf Shelf Number: 140168 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe Title: Exploitation: Unfair labour arrangements and precarious working conditions in the sex industry Summary: The sex workers' movement in Europe and across the globe has a long and dynamic history. For decades, community members and their allies have been actively advocating for freedom from stigmatisation, violence and legal oppression, calling for sex workers' right to autonomy and selfdetermination, and requesting their unconditional access to justice and healthcare. One of the key demands driving collective mobilisation and activism among sex workers has been the recognition of sex work as labour, i.e. a legitimate occupation and way to earn one's livelihood. In consequence, sex workers shoud be entitled to the same labour rights and protections as any other workers. Although this demand has been repeatedly vocalised by the sex worker movement since the 1970s and found its way into sex work legislations of several countries,1 and into official documents of the International Labour Organisation (ILO),2 it is still downplayed or contested in some scholarly writing and, more frequently, in political debates. We refer here to the neo-abolitionist stance expressed (and enacted) in academia, public media, court rooms, and parliaments, which obstinately refuses to recognise sex work as work and, in turn, depicts it as indivisibly bound up with coercion, subjugation, and abuse. Some neo-abolitionist and anti-prostitution advocates go even further and state that regardless of the respective national setting, legal context or type of work environment in which it takes place, sex work represents in itself a form of violence, exploitation or even a manifestation of 'sexual slavery'.3 This conviction is not only untruthful and ideological but also very harmful and dangerous, as it spurs on attempts to eradicate sex work through legal developments, such as the criminalisation of third parties or clients, repressive policing of sex workers through municipal by-laws, or uneven anti-trafficking measures. In result, the neo-abolitionist stance contributes to the criminalisation of sex workers' workplaces and leads to their increasing victimisation as 'prostituted women' or 'sex slaves'. This community report aims to engage in the discussion over exploitation in the sex industry, while simultaneously challenging the neo-abolitionist definition of sex work (or 'prostitution') as 'sexual exploitation'. It argues that this approach obscures the complex realities of sex workers' lives and work arrangements, and in consequence fails to address the diversity of exploitative working practices that do occur in the sex industry. Both sex work, as form of work and income-generating activity, and exploitation in the sex industry, so labour arrangements that enable one person to take unfair advantage of the work of another person, belong to the realm of work and should be viewed and analysed through the lens of labour. Only by focusing on sex workers' working conditions, as well as employment practices and arrangements under which sexual services are sold and exchanged can we come to a better understanding of and challenge exploitation in sex industry Details: Amsterdam: ICRSE, 2016. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Exploitation%20Report,%20ICRSE%20-%20May%202016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Exploitation%20Report,%20ICRSE%20-%20May%202016.pdf Shelf Number: 140234 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Beatson, Jesse Title: The Exploitation of Foreign Workers in Our Own Backyards: An examination of labour exploitation and labour trafficking in Canada Summary: Background - Many employers who engage in the exploitation of foreign workers have experienced impunity due to factors such as lack of interest by law enforcement agencies, ambiguous or non-existent criminal justice legislation, poor labour standards and/or untenable complaint mechanisms, and government programs for foreign workers with inadequate protections in place to safeguard human rights. - Changes to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) in Canada has resulted in an increase in foreign workers and many of them are quite vulnerable to actual and potential exploitation. - A lot of reports and advocacy efforts focus on trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation so the picture many people have of the nature and scope of trafficking in Canada may be skewed. More research is needed on labour-related abuses, both to better understand this phenomenon and also to assess the merits of the "trafficking" framework - The current legal definition of labour trafficking has some limitations and may need to be improved so that better protection and justice for victimized foreign workers in Canada can be provided. Countless numbers of men, women, and children are exploited around the world by unscrupulous employers. Impunity is all too commonly experienced by these employers, regardless of whether they operate in developing or developed world contexts. This impunity is due to a combination of possible factors such as lack of interest or effort by law enforcement agencies, ambiguous or non-existent criminal justice legislation, poor labour standards and/or untenable complaint mechanisms, and government foreign labour programs designed without adequate worker protections. This report was prepared for CATHII (Comite D'Action Contre La Traite Humaine Interne Et Internationale) during the spring and summer of 2015 to investigate labour exploitation and labour trafficking in the Canadian context. Recent changes to Canadian immigration programs, specifically the Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP), has resulted in a comparatively greater increase in non-nationals entering the country versus permanent immigrants (Thomas 2010). The potentially mutually beneficial and positive aspects of the TFWP notwithstanding; in practice, these foreign workers lack access to the same rights and privileges as Canadian citizens or permanent residents and this makes them vulnerable (Macovei 2012). Canadian employers who engage in exploitative practices of foreign workers may be the most immediate and easily identifiable cause of these labour abuses, but the policy context should be considered a structural factor that influences how easy it is to carry these abuses out. According to a government issued pamphlet "Canadian law protects all workers in Canada, including temporary foreign workers... The exploitation of a foreign national may violate Canadian law and human rights" (Temporary Foreign Workers). Nevertheless, Fudge and MacPhail (2009) have argued that the mechanisms designed to monitor and protect the rights of foreign workers are in fact not well developed or monitored and that the actual and potential exploitation of foreign workers "undermines the legitimacy of the program (TFWP) both within and outside of Canada" (p. 43). Thus, one of the objectives of this report - through compiling several documented cases where foreign workers have been exploited - is to shed light on patterns and trends that might point towards problems with the current TFWP system. Case summaries provide vivid testimonies that changes may need to be made to immigration policy to ensure more robust protections of human rights. A second objective of this report is to join others who are beginning to address a disparity in trafficking research and advocacy work in Canada. Within the community of NGOs in Canada dedicated to issues of human trafficking, the heaviest emphasis of research and advocacy efforts tends to be placed on trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. Consequently, the victims of trafficking practices are thought primarily to be young women forced into the sex trade, brought into Canada from foreign countries under false pretences. While efforts made on behalf of individuals fitting this general description are laudable and ideally will continue to be strengthened in coming years, an unfortunate side effect of the intense focus on this particular trafficking narrative is that it gives a misleading impression about the nature and scope of trafficking-related abuses in Canada. By expanding the focus of research and advocacy around trafficking issues to include labour exploitation, victims of these activities, increasingly being accepted as the most common form of trafficking globally, will have a better chance at justice and protection. Potential future victims will also hopefully receive better safeguarding of their human rights. Details: Montreal: CATHII (Comite D'Action Contre La Traite Humaine Interne Et Internationale), 2015. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://www.cathii.org/sites/www.cathii.org/files/The%20Exploitation%20of%20Foreign%20Workers%20Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: http://www.cathii.org/sites/www.cathii.org/files/The%20Exploitation%20of%20Foreign%20Workers%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 140275 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Immigrants Labor Exploitation Labor Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Polaris Project Title: More than Drinks for Sale: Exposing Sex Trafficking in Cantinas & Bars in the U.S. Summary: Across the United States, thousands of Latina women are prisoners of the sex trafficking industry in bars and cantinas. These women are victims of an underground sex economy, run by traffickers who go largely untouched. From December 2007 to March 2016, the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline and BeFree Textline identified 1,300 potential victims from Latin America in cantina-related cases in 20 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Deceived and enticed with false promises of good jobs or a better life, victims are lured to the U.S. by some of the most violent trafficking networks operating in the country and are forced to engage in commercial sex. Polaris's new report More than Drinks for Sale: Exposing Sex Trafficking in Cantinas and Bars in the U.S. details how these commercial-front brothels continue to operate largely unchecked by posing as traditional bars or nightclubs - and highlights the need to eradicate this crime and support its survivors. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 20, 2016 at: http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Cantinas-SexTrafficking-EN.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Cantinas-SexTrafficking-EN.pdf Shelf Number: 145619 Keywords: Human trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hill, Angela Title: "This Modern Day Slavery": Sex Trafficking and Moral Panic in the United Kingdom Summary: The dissertation analyzes the discourse and development of the British anti-sex trafficking movement. Following the European Union's largest expansion in 2004, the United Kingdom experienced a surge in immigration from Eastern Europe, which was greeted by fears about losing British culture, stolen jobs, and rising criminal activity. From this welter of concerns, I argue, the issue of sex trafficking coalesced into a moral panic about the dangers of immigration and the sexual exploitation of women. Using qualitative research and discourse analysis, I examine the movement's depiction of the trafficking victim and its reliance on punitive policing and anti-immigration policies. Although anti-trafficking advocates claim the abolition of the African slave trade as their historical precedent, I contend that the conceptual roots of contemporary discourse lie in the white slavery panic of the Victorian era. Today's description of the trafficked woman as young, naive, and Eastern European recalls the figure of the white slave at the same time that it demonizes migrant sex workers who do not fit the feminized and culturally-bound profile of helpless victim. This analysis of the United Kingdom's response to a changing demographic landscape reveals how a reaction can define the phenomenon to which it ostensibly refers. In other words, the anti-trafficking campaign produces its opposing object, � sex trafficking - by delimiting the discursive field and determining the appropriate course of defensive action. In light of the political and economic crises wracking post-millennial Britain, the realm recast itself as a hostile environment for sex trafficking and inaugurated a series of unprecedented policing measures and prostitution policy shifts. To interrogate these events I perform a contrapuntal reading that troubles both the conceptual basis of the anti-trafficking movement and its legal and tactical operations. Through this analysis, my dissertation reveals that the anti-trafficking campaign is not a reaction to the sexual traffic in women; it is part of a larger socio-legal response to Eastern Europeans seeking access to the United Kingdom as full members of the European Union. This project constitutes an expansion and repositioning of studies of sex work and migration, offering a specific analysis of the British context while emphasizing the intersection between standardized narratives and cultural ruptures. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, 2011. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20,. 2016 at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d8113tb Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d8113tb Shelf Number: 145876 Keywords: Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Moral Panic Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Beddoe, Christine Title: Class Acts? Examining modern slavery legislation across the UK Summary: In 2015 the Modern Slavery Act, the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland), and the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Scotland) Act entered into force in the UK. These Acts have introduced new offences of human trafficking and other forms of modern slavery, as well as a raft of provisions aimed at preventing modern slavery and protecting its victims. The purpose of this research was to review and compare the key provisions in these three Acts, to assess the extent to which they contribute to the UK’s implementation of the 2005 Council of Europe Trafficking Convention and EU Trafficking Directive , and the extent of their implementation to date. The report considers whether the Acts have better equipped the UK to tackle modern slavery. The research was undertaken through a combination of desk research, parliamentary questions and interviews with key stakeholders. The introduction of this legislation marks a significant development in the UK’s efforts to tackle this crime. A considerable amount of time and expertise was involved in the drafting of the legislation, and the resulting laws passed are comprehensive in scope. The Acts, and the scrutiny surrounding them, served to shine a spotlight on the issue of modern slavery and galvanise efforts to tackle it. The Prime Minister's recent announcement to continue her work on fighting modern slavery is encouraging and signals that the momentum gained in this regard will not be lost. However, the ATMG has found, through reviewing the Acts' provision, that there are significant differences in a number of key areas across the three jurisdictions of the UK, for instance in both the statutory support entitlements for adult victims and in the non-criminalisation provisions. In the majority of cases where differences occur, it is the Modern Slavery Act that falls short of its counterparts in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The ATMG is concerned that there isn’t a robust monitoring framework in place to oversee the implementation and impact of the Acts, and calibrate their success. This research highlights continuing weaknesses in data collection and the lack of a central, statutory body with the responsibility to collate and analyse data on both victims and perpetrators and to assess the interface between the various data streams across the UK. There must also be greater oversight and accountability to ensure that data on victims is stored safely and used effectively. The ATMG believes the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner would, with the necessary resources and independence, be ideally placed to have oversight of modern slavery data collected in the UK. However, this is currently not part of the Commissioner's role. Details: Anti-Slavery International, 2016. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 14, 2016 at: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2016/a/atmg_class_acts_report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2016/a/atmg_class_acts_report.pdf Shelf Number: 146646 Keywords: Domestic Workers Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Human Trafficking: State Has Made Improvements in Its Annual Report but Does Not Explicitly Explain Certain Tier Rankings or Changes Summary: Human traffickers around the world exploit men, women, and children for profit—often through commercial sex work or forced labor. The State Department annually reports on global anti-trafficking efforts—ranking countries into 1 of 4 tiers based on their actions. We found several key shortcomings in State's 2015 and 2016 reports—potentially limiting their usefulness as tools to encourage governments to fight trafficking. For example, the reports lacked clear explanations for some countries' rankings, or for decisions to upgrade or downgrade a country to a different tier. We recommended that State improve the transparency of its decision-making. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2016. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-17-56: Accessed December 6, 2016 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681388.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681388.pdf Shelf Number: 147861 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Act. Second Evaluation Round Summary: According to data collected by the National Crime Agency (NCA), the number of referrals of possible victims of trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) was, respectively, 1 186 in 2012, 1 746 in 2013, 2 340 in 2014, and 3 266 in 2015.5 Out of the total number of referrals over the period 2012-2015, 60% were female, with an upward trend in the proportion of male referrals over the years (thus in 2015, there were 1 744 female and 1 518 male referrals). The number of child victims referred to the NRM has also been on the increase: from 371 in 2012 to 982 in 2015 (29% of all referrals during the period 2012-2015). Sexual exploitation was the most frequently referred type during the reporting period (36% of all referrals), followed by labour exploitation (35% of the referrals), which also includes as a subcategory the exploitation of criminal activities, and domestic servitude (13% of the referrals). Further, there were eight referrals of possible victims of trafficking for the purpose of organ harvesting during the reporting period. The type of exploitation was unknown in the remaining cases. Statistics indicate an upward trend in the proportion of referrals of victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, which in 2015 was the most prominent type of exploitation recorded for both adult and child victims. Possible victims of trafficking were reported to originate from some 100 different countries. Albania, Vietnam and Nigeria were the most common countries of origin of the possible victims referred. Other main countries of origin were Romania, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Sudan. The number of UK nationals referred as possible victims over the period 2012 to 2015 was 451; the majority of them were children trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation within the UK. As regards the number of persons actually recognised as victims of trafficking (i.e. given positive conclusive decisions after referral to the NRM), it was 819 in 2013 (46.9% of all referrals), 834 in 2014 (35.6% of the referrals) and 674 in 2015 (20.6% of the referrals). The number of negative decisions was, respectively, 776 in 2013 (44.5% of all referrals), 924 in 2014 (39.5% of the referrals) and 768 in 2015 (23.5% of the referrals). The remainder of the cases were pending decisions, suspended cases and cases withdrawn from process.6 GRETA notes that trends in the percentages of positive and negative conclusive decisions are strongly influenced by the proportion of pending cases. The UK authorities have indicated that the quarterly NRM statistics that are published on the National Crime Agency website will include an update of the decision status of the 2015 NRM statistics. GRETA notes that according to a 2014 estimate of the Home Office, based on Multiple Systems Estimation and using the different sources of data collected by the NCA, there are between 10 000 and 13 000 persons who would upon detection be referred into the NRM (possible victims of modern slavery) in the UK. The proportion of those who are referred into the NRM is small but constantly growing, as illustrated by the above-mentioned figures. Details: Strasbourg Cedex, France: Council of Europe, 2016. 121p. Source: Internet Resource: GRETA(2016)21: Second Evaluation Round: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/greta_2016_21_fgr_uk_en_final.docx_.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/greta_2016_21_fgr_uk_en_final.docx_.pdf Shelf Number: 145996 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Republic of Moldova Summary: The first evaluation of the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ("the Convention") by the Republic of Moldova took place in 2010-2011. Following the receipt of the Republic of Moldova's reply to GRETA's first questionnaire on 3 September 2010, a country evaluation visit was organised from 10 to 13 May 2011. The draft report on the Republic of Moldova was examined at GRETA's 11th meeting (20-23 September 2011) and the final report was adopted at GRETA's 12th meeting (6-9 December 2011). Following the receipt of the Moldovan authorities' comments, GRETA's final report was published on 22 February 2012. In its first report, GRETA welcomed the efforts made to develop the institutional and legal framework for combating trafficking in human beings (THB), including the putting into place of a National Referral System for identification, assistance and protection of victims and potential victims of trafficking. GRETA commended the measures taken to raise public awareness, but urged the authorities to strengthen the aspect of prevention through economic and social empowerment measures for groups vulnerable to THB. Further, GRETA urged the authorities to take further measures to identify victims of trafficking, paying particular attention to vulnerable groups, such as women from socially disadvantaged families, women subjected to domestic violence, children left without parental care and children placed in state institutions. GRETA also underlined the importance of providing additional human and financial resources to the agencies involved in the provision of assistance measures to victims of trafficking. Moreover, GRETA urged the Moldovan authorities to set up a State compensation scheme accessible to victims of trafficking. As regards the application of criminal legislation, GRETA stressed that the investigations of trafficking offences should be improved to ensure that they lead to proportionate and dissuasive sanctions and that particular attention should be paid to cases of THB involving public officials. On the basis of GRETA's report, on 11 June 2012 the Committee of the Parties to the Convention adopted a recommendation to the Moldovan authorities, requesting them to report back on the measures taken to comply with this recommendation by 11 June 2014. The report submitted by the Moldovan authorities was considered at the 14th meeting of the Committee of the Parties (7 July 2014). The Committee of the Parties decided to transmit the authorities' report to GRETA for consideration and to make it public. On 3 September 2014, GRETA launched the second round of evaluation of the Convention in respect of the Republic of Moldova by sending the questionnaire for this round to the Moldovan authorities. The deadline for submitting the reply to the questionnaire was 3 February 2015. The Republic of Moldova submitted its reply on 11 February 2015. The Republic of Moldova remains mainly a country of origin of victims of THB, some of whom are exploited within the country. There are also indications that the Republic of Moldova is becoming a country of transit, without there being data that can illustrate this trend. According to official statistics, the number of identified victims of trafficking was 154 in 2011, 290 in 2012, 262 in 2013, 264 in 2014, and 310 in 2015. During the 2011-2015 period, 68% of the victims were female. Children represented 13% of the identified victims. From 2011 to 2014, only two foreign victims were identified, however, in 2015 a group of 15 foreign children was identified. Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation has remained the prevalent form of exploitation (45% of the identified victims in 2015), but the number of identified victims of THB for the purpose of labour exploitation has been on the rise (44% of all identified victims in 2015, compared to 29% in 2011) and almost equalled that of victims of THB for sexual exploitation. Further, there has been an increase in the number of persons trafficked for the purpose of forced begging (9% in 2015). In 2014, the first four cases of THB for the purpose of forced criminality appeared in the official statistics. There were 30 victims of internal trafficking in 2011, 25 in 2012, 34 in 2013, 33 in 2014, and 97 in 2015. Internal THB cases represented 17% of all cases in the period 2011-2015, mostly for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The main countries of destination of people trafficked from the Republic of Moldova have been the Russian Federation, Turkey, the northern part of Cyprus, and the United Arab Emirates. In 2014, the majority of the Moldovan victims (134) were trafficked to the Russian Federation. Certain EU countries (e.g. the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) have emerged as countries of destination for Moldovan victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, following the visa regime liberalisation with the Schengen area in 2014. Details: Brussels: Council of Europe, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Second Evaluation Round: GRETA(2016)9: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: http://antitrafic.gov.md/public/files/GRETA_2016_eng.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Moldova URL: http://antitrafic.gov.md/public/files/GRETA_2016_eng.pdf Shelf Number: 145885 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Human Trafficking: Action Needed to Identify the Number of Native American Victims Receiving Federally-funded Services Summary: All four federal agencies that investigate or prosecute human trafficking in Indian country-the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the U.S. Attorneys' Offices (USAO) 0 are required to record in their case management systems whether a human trafficking offense was involved in the case. With the exception of ICE, these agencies are also required to record in their case management systems whether the crime took place in Indian country. ICE officials explained that the agency does not record this information because, unlike BIA and the FBI, ICE is not generally involved in criminal investigations in Indian country. Typically, ICE would only conduct an investigation in Indian country if specifically invited by a tribe to do so. Further, with the exception of BIA, these agencies do not require their agents or attorneys to collect or record Native American status of victims in their cases due to concerns about victim privacy and lack of relevance of the victim's race to the substance of the investigation or prosecution. The Departments of Justice (DOJ), Health and Human Services (HHS), and Homeland Security (DHS) administered at least 50 grant programs from fiscal years 2013 through 2016 that could help address Native American human trafficking. For example, 21 of these grant programs, which were administered by DOJ and HHS, could be used to provide services to Native American human trafficking victims. However, the total number of Native American victims who received services under these grant programs is unknown. HHS is developing a data collection tool that grantees can use to report information on human trafficking victims served, including Native American status of victims. DOJ's Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) requires grantees to report Native American status of victims served, but not by type of crime. DOJ's Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) do not require grantees to collect and report Native American status of victims served. However, in fiscal year 2017, OVC began providing recipients of human trafficking - specific grant programs the option to report the race or Native American status of victims served. While Native American status may not generally be a factor for determining whether a victim can receive services, it may be a factor for determining how best to assist this particular demographic. According to the 2013-2017 Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, expanding human trafficking data collection and research efforts for Native Americans and other vulnerable populations is an area for improvement for the federal government. Additionally, Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that quality information should be used to achieve objectives based on relevant data from reliable sources. Without collecting data on the Native American status of victims served, federal agencies will not know the extent to which they are achieving government-wide strategic goals to provide and improve services to vulnerable populations, including Native American human trafficking victims. Why GAO Did This Study Human trafficking-the exploitation of a person typically through force, fraud, or coercion for such purposes as forced labor, involuntary servitude or commercial sex-is occurring in the United States. Traffickers seek out persons perceived to be vulnerable. Native Americans (i.e., American Indians or Alaska Natives) are considered to be a vulnerable population. DOJ, DHS, and the Department of the Interior investigate human trafficking crimes. Primarily, DOJ and HHS provide grants to fund victim services. GAO was asked to examine Native American human trafficking. This report focuses on federal efforts to address human trafficking, including the extent to which (1) agencies collect and maintain data on investigations and prosecutions of human trafficking in Indian country or of Native Americans regardless of location and (2) federal grant programs are available to help address such trafficking, and how many Native American trafficking victims have received assistance through these programs. GAO reviewed human trafficking investigation and prosecution data from fiscal years 2013 to 2016; reviewed solicitations for human trafficking-related grant programs; and interviewed grant program officials. What GAO Recommends GAO recommends that DOJ require its grantees to report the number of human trafficking victims served and, as appropriate, the Native American status of those victims. DOJ partially concurred with the recommendation. GAO clarified the recommendation and maintains action is needed. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2017. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-17-325: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683805.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683805.pdf Shelf Number: 144752 Keywords: American Indians Forced Labor Human Trafficking Native Americans Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking Violence Against Women

Author: County Council of The City and County of Cardiff Title: A Review of Multi-Agency Approaches to Tackling Sex Work/Prostitution Summary: TERMS OF REFERENCE  To obtain an understanding of sex work/ prostitution and its historical, political, social and cultural complexities.  To gain an understanding of the current situation with regards to sex work/ prostitution in Cardiff, in terms of the issues for sex workers/ prostitutes and communities and in terms of the services provided for sex workers/ prostitutes.  To examine different approaches taken by local authorities, statutory partners and third sector partners in the U.K. to dealing with sex work/ prostitution and identify the impact of these approaches on local authorities, statutory partners (such as police and health services), sex workers/ prostitutes, and other citizens.  To ensure that the following issues are explored as part of the above work: substance misuse; sexual health; mental health; health & safety; and pathways to dealing with trafficking for sexual exploitation.  To scrutinise any proposals for tackling sex work/ prostitution in Cardiff that come forward during the life of the Inquiry, utilising the findings of the above exercises to inform the scrutiny.  To make informed recommendations to all relevant parties on the most appropriate approach to sex work/ prostitution in Cardiff considering its impact on the local authority, health services, sex workers/ prostitutes, and other citizens.  To refer any evidence that emerges as part of this Inquiry regarding children aged under eighteen involved in sexual exploitation and abuse to the Children & Young People Scrutiny Committee. Following initial evidence gathering for this Inquiry, Members agreed to refine the scope to focus on women involved in sex work/ prostitution. This is not to negate the experiences of men or transgender individuals involved in sex work/ prostitution but a reflection on the fact that their needs differ significantly from those of women involved in sex work/ prostitution and subsequently require different solutions and service provision. It became apparent to Members that the Inquiry would not adequately cover all these areas; hence Members decision to narrow the scope. Details: Cardiff, Wales, UK: The City and County of Cardiff, 2012. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: http://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/documents/s3637/Sex%20Work%20Prostitution%20Multi-Agency%20Approaches-2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/documents/s3637/Sex%20Work%20Prostitution%20Multi-Agency%20Approaches-2012.pdf Shelf Number: 144759 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sanders-McDonagh, Erin Title: Women's Open Space Project Evaluation: Final Report Summary: This report presents findings from an evaluation of the WOS project, carried out between July 2011 and March 2012. The evaluation sought to analyze the impact and efficacy of services offered to street-based sex workers by WOS and to look at the NHYC model of engagement with young women at risk of sexual exploitation. This report will provide an analysis of service delivery and user-engagement with WOS and NHYC, and will highlight areas of best practice in engaging with street-based sex workers and with young women at risk of sexual exploitation. The Women's Open Space (WOS) project works with street-based sex workers in North London, effectively combines outreach and drop-in services to meet the specific needs of their client base. Women at the drop-in felt the most vital services they received related to housing, health (physical, sexual, and mental), and emotional support. WOS has helped women make positive changes to their lives and encourages them to engage with services that are appropriate for them. Many of the women at the drop-in had reduced or stabilized their drug use; some of them were practicing safer sex because of information and advice received at the service; others were in stable accommodation as a direct result of the WOS project's intercession. The organizational philosophy of WOS means that the services provided for sex workers are user-led and take a holistic approach to helping women. This gives women a sense of ownership about their interactions with the project, and all of the women we spoke to felt the WOS project had made a significant difference to their physical and emotional well being. WOS work effectively with other third sector and statutory bodies to ensure that sex workers have access to a range of services that will help provide support and stability. Their positive working relationships are evidence of good practice in the field. Young women who are at risk of sexual exploitation are effectively engaged with youth services through the New Horizon Youth Centre (NHYC). WOS and NHYC work together to ensure that young women who are at risk of sexual exploitation or who are facing sexually exploitative situations are encouraged to access targeted youth interventions, which diverts young women from becoming fully entrenched in sex working. This cooperative model is something that could and should be employed in other areas. Both WOS and NHYC take a holistic approach to working with their clients, and have built up trust with women that are particularly 'hard-to-reach'. These relationships are having a positive impact on the lives of those who attend the drop-in services, which is partly due to the model of working, but also connects to the particular knowledge and expertise of the WOS/NHYC staff. Introduction Details: London: New Horizon Youth Centre, 2012. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14536/3/WOSFinalReport2012Sept.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14536/3/WOSFinalReport2012Sept.pdf Shelf Number: 145163 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation Street Prostitution

Author: Verhoeven, Maite Title: Government policies and sex work realities: Human trafficking in the regulated sex industry Summary: In the Netherlands selling sexual services for money is accepted by law under certain conditions. Some sex workers, however, are tricked out of their money by people using manipulation, fraud or coercion. This crime, the exploitation of sex workers, constitutes human trafficking. Several government agencies deal with the prevention and prosecution of human trafficking in the sex industry, and with the protection of victims. However, people who are identified as victims often decline the assistance that is offered to them. How can this be explained? Does it mean that the way in which human trafficking is dealt with fails to meet the needs and problems of sex workers? This dissertation explores these questions by zooming in on the red-light district in Amsterdam and reveals the relationships between pimps and sex workers, the informal economy and the criminal investigation of human trafficking. It shows that the perspective of sex workers on exploitation and on government policy is relevant for a better understanding of effective anti-trafficking policy. Details: Amsterdam: Free University of Amsterdam, 2017. 193p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 28, 2017 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Verhoeven_dissertation_fulltext_tcm28-255127.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands URL: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Verhoeven_dissertation_fulltext_tcm28-255127.pdf Shelf Number: 145183 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Commission. Eurostat Title: Trafficking in human beings. 2015 edition Summary: In 2013 Eurostat published the first working paper on Trafficking in Human Beings in Europe. This publication constitutes the second working paper at the EU level on statistics on trafficking in human beings and contains data for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. This second working paper includes statistical data from all 28 EU Member States and the following EU Candidate and EFTA/EEA (Iceland, Norway) countries: Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. The totals and percentages in the working paper are based on data from the EU Member States. Where relevant, the number of Member States providing data, and on which the statistics are based, is also given. Data from the non-EU countries have been highlighted separately in some sections. This is a working paper looking at statistical data at EU level as gathered and submitted by national authorities. In this respect, it is a unique undertaking in this field at EU level. The data have been collected from official sources, and provide information on registered victims, suspects, prosecutions and convictions, as recorded by the authorities. As such, this working paper differs from other reports which have looked at estimates of the prevalence of trafficking in human beings, for example. There may also be studies at national or regional level which provide greater detail about a specific subset of the phenomenon or which look at a narrower geographical area. This report should be considered alongside such studies to gain maximum benefit from the full evidence base available. Since the first working paper, encouraging progress has been achieved in terms of availability of data. This working paper reaffirms the need for further improvement, as more comprehensive and comparable data will allow for a more accurate assessment of the nature of the problem, as well as more accurate conclusions at EU level. Not all Member States have provided comprehensive data on all indicators. In view of this, and the differences between national definitions and recording systems, figures should be interpreted with caution, and with careful consideration of the methodological notes provided. A higher number of reported cases does not necessarily mean that a country has more victims than another country. Nor is it necessarily an indication of a better identification or recording system. Sudden increases or decreases may merely reflect legislative modifications, changes in statistical procedures and counting rules, or be the result of specific law enforcement initiatives. Careful analysis of the information provided in the country notes is required to allow for a comprehensive understanding of the values reported, and comparisons between Member States should be avoided. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015. 142p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2017 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/eurostat_report_on_trafficking_in_human_beings_-_2015_edition.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/eurostat_report_on_trafficking_in_human_beings_-_2015_edition.pdf Shelf Number: 145240 Keywords: Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Martin, Lauren Title: Mapping the Market for Sex with Trafficked Minor Girls in Minneapolis: Structures, Functions, and Patterns Summary: The trafficking of girls under age 18 into the sex trade (also known as domestic minor sex trafficking) has received increased attention from policy makers, law enforcement, service providers, advocates, and funders in Minnesota over the past several years. In July 2011, the Minnesota State Legislature passed Safe Harbor for Youth legislation, which had a sunrise clause for implementation by August 2014. The Minnesota Departments of Health and Public Safety worked with the State Human Trafficking Task Force to develop No Wrong Door, a plan for coordinated and comprehensive services for trafficking victims. Implementation has begun with the hiring of the Safe Harbor/No Wrong Door Director in the Minnesota Department of Health's Injury and Violence Prevention unit, and the selection of Regional Navigators responsible for ensuring that all victims receive appropriate assistance and trauma-centered services. No Wrong Door is a critical step for early intervention to reduce the harms of domestic minor sex trafficking on Minnesota youth. But, what is the larger system that exploits juveniles through sex trafficking? Who is involved? Where does it happen? And, how does it work? Empirical knowledge of the broader market forces through which youth are exploited is critical to providing a solid basis for Minnesota's efforts toward intervention and prevention of exploitation of youth in commercial sex and sex trafficking. We conducted this study to answer these questions. The project received funding from the Women's Foundation of Minnesota, internal University of Minnesota funding, and the support of a broad coalition of agencies and individuals. We began with the understanding that the sex trade is an industry, and as such, it operates on market principles. Like other markets, the market for sex with juveniles is structured by demand, supply, and a process through which the supply (or "product") is developed, managed, and delivered. Sex buyers (the "demand") enter the market with money and power. Pimps, traffickers, and others that assist them (transporters, watchers, enforcers, etc.) profit by linking sex buyers to juvenile victims (the "product") for sale. Because of the multiple roles involved in this activity, we refer to these individuals as facilitators. Facilitators recruit a "supply" of juveniles through systematic exploitation of specific needs and vulnerabilities of youth, sometimes described as "push/pull factors." This study sought to understand the "who, where, and how" aspects of market operations. Who are the people involved in the market (victims, facilitators, and sex buyers)? Where does the market happen? Where are victims recruited? Where do sexual transactions take place? What are the residential locations of facilitators, victims, and sex buyers? "Where" also includes categories of places where sex trafficking activities occur such as hotels, schools, private residences, clubs, etc. Most importantly, we wanted to understand how the market functions. How do the operational structures and mechanisms derive profit from the commercial sexual exploitation of juveniles? Our data collection and analysis produced a great deal of information, which we are continuing to review and analyze. This report provides an overview of our findings and it is a first step in sharing the rich and detailed information we have collected. We expect to produce additional reports and articles. Some of what we learned confirms what we already knew about sex trafficking, particularly characteristics of victims. However, our market framework yielded new insights about the forces behind commercial sexual exploitation of youth and domestic minor sex trafficking. Therefore, much of what we learned and describe in this report is new. Details: Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Urban Research Outreach/Engagement Center, 2014. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2017 at: http://uroc.umn.edu/sites/default/files/Res_SexTraf_Report.compressed.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://uroc.umn.edu/sites/default/files/Res_SexTraf_Report.compressed.pdf Shelf Number: 145361 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Prostitution Sex Markets Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Europol - European Police Office Title: Online sexual coercion and extortion as a form of crime affecting children. Law enforcement perspective Summary: Offenders may try and approach you online to get sexual photos or videos of you. To achieve this, they will try to make you feel special by pretending to be your friend. They might say nice things to you to gain your trust. They may also lure you into sexualised conversation and performing sexual acts online. Once they get hold of your sexual photos or videos, they may demand you send more, or ask you for money, threatening to post the images on the internet or share them with your friends and family if you don't do as they say. They can be very clever at making you feel guilty about what has happened to stop you from getting help. Although this behaviour can also exist in a peers' environment, this advice focuses on criminal activities conducted by adults. This person is not someone you should trust. This is an offender and should be prosecuted. Many victims don't seek help or report it to the police as they are embarrassed about the material the perpetrator has, or because they are unaware that they are victims of crime. Details: The Hague: EUROPOL, 2017. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2017 at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/online-sexual-coercion-and-extortion-form-of-crime-affecting-children-law-enforcement-perspective Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/online-sexual-coercion-and-extortion-form-of-crime-affecting-children-law-enforcement-perspective Shelf Number: 146523 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Computer Crimes Online Victimization Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime Title: Trafficking in persons from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar to Thailand Summary: The present report, "Trafficking in persons from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar to Thailand" is the result of a partnership between the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ). In 2016, TIJ invited UNODC to collaboratively develop an extensive research report on trafficking in persons from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar to Thailand with the objectives of increasing evidence-based information relating to trafficking in persons, reviewing the current state of knowledge, identifying existing information gaps and enhancing the capacity of States to generate, access and use information on trafficking in persons. This report is the first of its kind and marks the launch of an ongoing research and strategic policy partnership between UNODC and TIJ. Previous UNODC reports on trafficking in persons have covered the subject of trafficking to Thailand as one important flow in a region rife with trafficking cases. Previous reports have explored trafficking primarily from a law enforcement perspective and highlighted the need for strengthened legal frameworks, law enforcement responses, including the need for proactive investigations, and stronger criminal justice frameworks. This report, while emphasising the way forward in preventing and combating trafficking to Thailand, also explores the many facets of the trafficking phenomenon itself, including the profiles of victims and traffickers, the contemporary push and pull factors for trafficking, the routes taken by regular and irregular migrants to Thailand, the fees paid to smugglers and traffickers and the modi operandi of traffickers and their networks. Drawing on the available literature and qualitative data collected through interviews with experts in the four target countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Thailand) the report presents in detail the current picture of trafficking in persons to Thailand and highlights challenges and opportunities for combating trafficking. While gaps in information remain and the overall picture remains incomplete, the findings presented in this report rely on a solid evidence base and may be useful for researchers, policy makers, governments and others interested in improving the response to combating trafficking, as well as approaches to identifying and supporting victims. The report consists of six chapters. The introduction (Chapter I) presents information on the topic covered, the background and context of the study, the study's purpose and goals, and methodology. Chapters II to IV examine the levels and characteristics of trafficking in persons in Cambodia (Chapter II), Lao PDR (III), and Myanmar (IV). Each of these chapters follows an identical structure by (1) summarising the available data, (2) exploring the causes of trafficking in persons, (3) examining the different types of trafficking and the profile of victims, (4) documenting the means and routes used for trafficking to Thailand, (5) analysing the exploitation of victims by their traffickers and (6) exploring the profile of the traffickers and trafficking networks. Details: Bangkok: UNODC, 2017. 261p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2017 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2017/Trafficking_in_persons_to_Thailand_report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Asia URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2017/Trafficking_in_persons_to_Thailand_report.pdf Shelf Number: 147139 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cooper, Kate Title: Exploitation and Trafficking of Women: Critiquing narratives during the London Olympics 2012 Summary: his report was commissioned by the Central American Women's Network (CAWN) to inform its work around the role of civil society and the media in shaping public understanding of different forms of exploitation experienced by women, in particular migrant women, in the context of major sporting events. It is based on an extensive study of press coverage of the issues of trafficking and exploitation of women during the London Olympics 2012 and examines critically the range of narratives underlying the approach to these issues in the print media. In addition, the report includes in-depth analysis of the campaigns mounted by five civil society organizations (CSOs) and compares the different approaches and strategies applied in each case, assessing the reasons for the varying degrees of success of each, respectively. An important aim of the study was to identify lessons and draw up recommendations based on the experience of the London Olympics that can be applied to other forthcoming major sporting events. The report highlights the fact that dominant narratives about trafficking not only conflate issues of trafficking with those of immigration and sexual exploitation but also frequently fail to employ the necessary analytical rigour. Prior to the Olympics, narratives circulated within Westminster and in the media predicting a rise in the number of women that would be trafficked to London for the London Olympics. The forecasts involved extremely large numbers and focused in the main on an expected rise in the number of women to be trafficked for sexual exploitation. During this period, many migrant women 'seen' in London, particularly those who could be characterized as 'exotic', were assumed to be trafficked into the capital for the Olympics and to be controlled by criminal gangs. Media reports circulating around this time (and in general) illustrate the very negative and stereotyped ways in which migrant women are portrayed, particularly in the tabloid press. However, the ensuing 'moral panic' about trafficking and sexual exploitation was not backed up by any evidence. Indeed, a body of evidence already existed prior to the Olympics demonstrating that major sporting events do not contribute to a rise in the incidence of trafficking for sexual exploitation. It is unclear why no one in government seemed aware of such research. The prediction that London would be 'flooded' with 'sex slaves' proved to be a myth. Indeed, the numbers of actual Victims of Trafficking (VoTs), as defined in the Palermo Protocol, was low during the Olympics - as it had been prior to the event. Over time, attention has been drawn to this discrepancy by a wide variety of stakeholders: CSOs, sex worker rights activists, academics and some journalists from the broadsheets. Yet despite the existence of this by now wellestablished counter-narrative that questions and contradicts the prevalent assumptions, the dominant framework within which most trafficking continues to be constructed is that of sexual exploitation. At the same time, very little attention was given in both government discourse and the media either to the global inequalities that drive women to seek a better life abroad or to the benefits the economies of richer countries enjoy because of the role that migrants play in providing cheap labour. In particular, the role of the UK's trade and development policies in perpetuating and deepening these inequalities was not examined in any of the mainstream narratives. Nor was any understanding shown of the fact that restrictive immigration policies contribute to migrant women's vulnerabilities and potential exploitation. Finally, no account was taken of the fact that the percentage of migrant women in the UK is scarcely higher today than it was a few decades ago. Even though the number of VoTs is low, migrant women in the UK face a wide range of problems. The London based Latin American Women's Rights Service is a CSO that works at the grassroots with women from Latin American countries who find themselves in a variety of exploitative situations. Because the official definition of VoT is very narrow, LAWRS encounters few women who are helped by trafficking legislation and believes that the law is too restrictive and should be replaced by a broader approach in which the human rights of all migrant women are addressed. Stop The Traffik, a government-funded inter-governmental campaign, was set up to address the predicted rise in trafficking during the period of the Olympics. Although the premise was false, the initiative is to be commended for encompassing other forms of trafficking apart from trafficking for sexual exploitation, thus breaking somewhat with he narrow focus on prostitution. However, while the campaign itself achieved high visibility, the number of reports of suspected trafficking was extremely low, a result that throws into question the government's strategy on this issue and, indeed, the utility of the trafficking legislation as a means of addressing exploitation. X:talk, the third CSO examined in this report, is a sex workers organisation, which was concerned that the government would use the wildly exaggerated predictions of a rise in the number of women trafficked into the UK for the purposes of sexual exploitation as an excuse to aggressively police, raid and shut down some workplaces within the sex industry. Such practices have been shown time and again to endanger the lives of all sex workers by displacing them from their peers, from regular clients and from the outreach services that keep in contact with them. The 'abolitionist' take on sex work and associated narratives, prevalent in the current and previous governments, obscure the wider reality that trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation is one out of a wide range of exploitative situations in which migrant women can find themselves. In addition, the focus on sexual exploitation, rather than on sex work as work, results in less meaningful intervention. Current narratives about the issue are mostly constructed within a framework of implicit moral disapproval, which fails to address the important health and safety concerns of all sex workers, whether migrant or not. Moreover, it appears that government officials, both within the current and previous governments, subscribe to a particular brand of feminist ideology that that does not recognise or respect the agency of women who choose to become sex workers. Thus, despite the success of its media campaign from the perspective of press coverage, the x:talk campaign was not successful in achieving one of its main policy aims, namely a moratorium on the policing of sex workers during the period under analysis and, indeed, x:talk was excluded from wider debates around these issues. Migration is a development strategy for millions of women all over the world who seek out work in different parts of the service sector and other informal spheres in order to subsist. Restrictive immigration policies and a focus on trafficking and sexual exploitation do nothing to alleviate their vulnerability. What is needed is an approach that addresses and is able to legislate against the whole range of different forms of exploitation that take place in workplaces both in the UK and further along global supply chains. However, there were some examples of a more integrated approach with a focus on wider exploitation and the human rights of women: the multi-agency Human Trafficking and London 2012 Games Network, as well as the Play Fair Campaign, of which War on Want was a key part. War on Want's campaign, contributed both to the work of the Network and to Playfair and drew attention to the shocking labour conditions of many workers, mostly women, in the factories producing goods for export to the UK during the Olympics. A wide range of events ensured that their campaign figured in the media, though much ingenuity and imagination were required to gain the press's interest. This makes a marked contrast with the widespread coverage in the tabloid press of 'sex trafficking', in which any piece of news was seen as a hook for carrying yet another story on the issue. Responding to these difficulties in relation to attracting press interest, War on Want successfully developed a range of different media strategies, involving the innovative use of social media as a means of communicating directly with its supporters. The fourth campaign studied is the one developed and coordinated by Anti-Slavery International in collaboration with the Institute for Human Rights and Business. Entitled The Staff Wanted Initiative, this campaign sought to address exploitative working conditions in the poorly regulated sectors of construction, domestic work, cleaning, catering and hospitality during the London Olympics. This initiative helped business identify who is controlling cheap labour, how it is coming in and the level of workers' pay. This focus on workers' rights, rather than anti-immigration, trafficking or the abolition of any particular sector of work, serves as an example of good practice for employers in other areas of poorly regulated or informal work. This report argues that governments would do better to focus on the human rights of all migrants in the UK, not just those who fall into the restrictive definition of 'trafficked' people and many of whom experience exploitation in many different forms. In order for this change to occur, CSOs will need to work effectively together not only by campaigning against particular legislation but by also exerting pressure to counter particular ideologies that impede a reasoned and rational debate. This is particularly the case with sex work which, if it were conceptualized as "work", would lead to the formulation of holistic approaches based on global justice and the human rights of all migrant workers. During the London Olympics 2012 the campaigns analysed in this report experienced various degrees of success. Factors linked to success rates include: the visibility of these CSO during the Olympics, their ability to work with other CSOs and agencies, the palatability of their message and their effectiveness in getting their message out using various media outlets. In some cases, the use of social media allowed them to communicate directly to their public, reducing the importance of the conventional media. Nonetheless, high level campaigns in which CSOs were able to work together effectively and which managed to gain high media visibility stood the highest chance of effecting change. This is how, for example, the Playfair Campaign 2012 was able to insist on corporations disclosing their supply chains. But the strategy needs to be further developed if change is to occur at the level of ideology and legislation and the first step is for all CSOs to find a common, integrated narrative that focuses on global justice and the human rights of all women and to use this as a campaign framework. Based on the above analysis, the report concludes with recommendations directed at CSOs, governments and corporations. These recommendations are aimed at protecting the human rights of all women and ensuring responsible actions and media coverage during future sporting events around the world. Details: London: Central America Women's Network. 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 28, 2017 at: http://www.cawn.org/assets/Exploitation%20and%20Trafficking%20of%20Women_.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cawn.org/assets/Exploitation%20and%20Trafficking%20of%20Women_.pdf Shelf Number: 131504 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migrant Women Olympics Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Sporting Events

Author: Newman, Graeme R. Title: The Exploitation of Trafficked Women Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of exploiting women who have been trafficked into the United States, and the aspects of human trafficking that contribute to it. Throughout the guide, the word "trafficked" shall mean internationally trafficked, unless otherwise stated. Additionally, the guide's focus is on the final period in the process of trafficking at which women are further exploited by those into whose hands they are passed. This is the point at which human trafficking becomes a problem for local police and so the guide identifies a series of questions that can help analyze local problems related to trafficking. Finally, it reviews responses to the exploitation of trafficked women and examines what is known about the effectiveness of these responses from research and police practice. Concern about the exploitation of women who have been trafficked into the United States derives from the international issues of human trafficking and slavery. The characteristics of international human trafficking, including the profits, resemble those of the international drug trade. In the United States, until the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, human trafficking was approached as an immigration problem, which meant that police viewed trafficking as a federal rather than a local responsibility. The TVPA clarified the definition of human trafficking-a particularly difficult problem, as will be seen below- and introduced a number of important protections for trafficked individuals (see Box 1). The TVPA defines two forms of severe human trafficking: a. "...sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age." b. "...the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery." Because some 70 percent of internationally trafficked women end up in the sex trade, the effect of the TVPA is to define many such women as crime victims rather than criminals. Whether pressed into forced labor or prostitution, the exploitation of these individuals is continued upon entry into the United States, whether in the same hands of those who trafficked them, or whether passed on to others who profit from commercial sex or cheap, often forced, labor. The TVPA does not require that a trafficked person be actually transported anywhere; it simply requires that the victim's freedom be constrained by force, fraud or coercion. The focus of this guide, however, is on those women who are transported into the United States for the purposes of commercial sex or forced labor. Details: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing 2006. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series; No. 38; Accessed February 5, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Shelf Number: 102303 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Problem-Oriented Policing Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: White, Elise Title: Navigating Force and Choice: Experiences in the New York City Sex Trade and the Criminal Justice System's Response Summary: This study is a departure from the standard treatments of prostitution and sex trafficking, which tend to focus on discrete sub-populations or the specific experiences of a few subjects. In more than 300 in-depth interviews with adults involved in New York City's multifaceted sex trade-conducted by our team of researchers, many with their own experiences in the sex trade-participants described a murky and mutable continuum between involvement due to force and choice. Nearly half of participants met the federal definition for sex trafficking, the majority because they first traded sex before the age of 18. A similar number of participants reported having worked with or for a third party who connected them to customers, often characterizing these relationships as mutually beneficial. Most drew explicit connections between their involvement in the sex trade and poverty, housing instability, substance use, family trauma, or health issues. Rather than clear-cut cases of exclusively force or choice, this study finds that economic exigencies and systemic constraints are the primary drivers of adult involvement in New York City's sex trade. The study also examines a unique criminal justice response-New York City's Human Trafficking Intervention Courts-developed to mitigate some of the harm trafficking victims experience in the criminal justice system. Legal and social service practitioners praised the courts' responsiveness to defendants' high rates of trauma and their commitment to helping defendants avoid criminal records, largely through alternative social service mandates. Details: New York: Center for Court Innovation, 2017. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: https://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2018-03/nyc_sex_trade.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2018-03/nyc_sex_trade.pdf Shelf Number: 149730 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: 7th General Report on GRETA's Activities Covering the period from 1 January 20 31 December 2017 Summary: I am pleased to introduce the Seventh General Report on GRETA's activities and to highlight the on-going work of the Council of Europe in combating trafficking in human beings and vindicating the rights of victims of trafficking. The human rights-based approach to combating human trafficking is critical to all aspects of GRETA's work, recognising as it does that trafficking in human beings is a serious human rights violation, one that, as the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly noted, treats human beings as commodities to be bought and sold. This General Report covers the activities of GRETA from 1 January to 31 December 2017. The year 2017 marked further progress in the application of the Convention across Europe, with the ratification by the Czech Republic on 29 March 2017. All member States of the Council of Europe, with the exception of the Russian Federation, have now ratified the Convention, and Belarus is also a State Party. While the expansion in ratifications of the Convention is significant to ensure greater reach in our work, more effective implementation by States Parties of the Convention standards remains critical. Against a backdrop of millions of people forcibly displaced worldwide, and hundreds of thousands of people on the move in Europe, the risks of exploitation are great. Of particular concern are the risks faced by victims of trafficking on arrival in Europe, with many barriers in place to accessing protection and heightened risks of re-trafficking within Europe. The gender dimension of human trafficking, and gender inequality as both a cause and a driver of exploitation, is central to many of GRETA's country reports. The risks faced by children and young people remain of particular concern, as weaknesses in child protection systems in many countries lead to failings in ensuring timely responses to the rights and needs of migrant and asylum-seeking children at risk. Strengthening the impact of GRETA's work in combating human trafficking is critical and the report highlights examples of where implementation of Convention standards is securing incremental change. Legislative changes continue, as well as policy and practical measures to improve early identification of child victims, steps to provide assistance to male victims of trafficking, and more proactive approaches to ensure access to compensation and legal redress. In this Seventh General Report, GRETA highlights the particular challenges of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation. Labour exploitation was chosen as one of the thematic focuses of the second evaluation round of the Convention because of GRETA's concern that Convention obligations were not being met, and that many victims of labour trafficking were not being identified as such nor granted access to assistance and protection. 2017 saw the adoption of the landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Chowdury and Others v Greece, in which the Convention and its Explanatory Report, together with GRETA's reports on Italy and Spain, were widely cited. The judgment is an important contribution to European human rights law in recognising the complex and subtle forms of coercion that underpin trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation. The judgment is significant given GRETA's findings that many domestic courts fail to fully understand the gravity of labour exploitation or the nexus with human trafficking. As of the end of 2017, GRETA had adopted 42 country reports under the first evaluation round and 25 country reports under the second evaluation round. These reports highlight that in many States Parties, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is the predominant form of human trafficking identified. There is, however, an increase in the number of identified victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, and in several countries, labour trafficking has emerged as the predominant form of trafficking. While there are considerable variations in the number and proportion of labour trafficking victims among countries, all countries indicate an upward trend of labour exploitation. hese trends are of great concern to GRETA and highlight the urgent need for closer co-operation between States, civil society, trade unions and the private sector. GRETA has repeatedly stressed the need for comprehensive legislation on trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, including recognition of the irrelevance of the victim's consent to the intended exploitation, and the need for heightened attention to the abuse of a position of vulnerability. Trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation occurs in the formal and informal economies, with migrant workers particularly at risk. Men constitute most of the identified victims of labour trafficking, in sectors as diverse as agriculture, construction, hospitality and fisheries. Women are also victims of trafficking for labour exploitation, often in the more isolated setting of domestic and care work. The possibility of trafficking occurring in diplomatic households is now well recognised, and GRETA's country reports highlight examples of good practice in prevention of such exploitation and in overcoming the barriers presented by state and diplomatic immunity claims. Poverty and discrimination on grounds of 'race' or ethnicity, as well as migration status, continue to contribute to the risks faced by minority communities, including risks of labour exploitation. The increasing precariousness of work, and the risks encountered by seasonal and migrant workers in particular, are documented in several of GRETA's country reports. The fisheries industry is recognised as posing particular challenges to the resourcing and functioning of inspectorates and other oversight bodies. GRETA's reports highlight steps being taken to strengthen preventive measures, yet the limited oversight of agricultural and other sectors contributes to difficulties in outreach to those often most at risk of exploitation. Limited resources for labour inspectorates, restrictions on collective bargaining and restricted access to channels for legal migration all contribute to labour trafficking. Access to information and to legal assistance remains a challenge for many victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, and GRETA highlights the importance of ensuring that victims are not criminalised, and can secure access to compensation and effective legal redress. The move towards greater transparency in supply chains, with significant legislative developments as well as policy initiatives, is highlighted as a potentially useful tool to combat human trafficking. In 2017, GRETA again invoked its urgent procedure mechanism, undertaking a short country visit to Hungary, in response to concerns raised in relation to the identification and access to assistance and protection of victims of trafficking. The use of the urgent procedure ensures a more timely response to potentially serious violations of human rights. Combined with the one-year follow-up reporting by States Parties now adopted, GRETA's monitoring work is developing to be more responsive, timely and effective. Complementing GRETA's monitoring work is the continued expansion of the Council GRETA's recommendations. GRETA is also working with other Council of Europe bodies to strengthen the impact of its work, including with MONEYVAL to highlight the importance of financial investigations in disrupting trafficking networks, as well as with other international organisations and civil society to assist in the identification of victims of trafficking among asylum seekers and migrants. 2017 came to an end with images of human trafficking in Libya and concerns at labour exploitation of many migrants travelling en route to Europe. This highlights the urgent need for strengthened co-operation between states and prevention measures to combat exploitation and abuse. Details: Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 2018. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-1-7gr-en/16807af20e Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-1-7gr-en/16807af20e Shelf Number: 149745 Keywords: Asylum Seekers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Labor Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation Trafficking for Labor

Author: Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley School of Law. Title: Building Trust: Perspectives on a Victim-Centered Approach to Human Trafficking Investigations in Los Angeles County Summary: THIS REPORT PROVIDES THE FINDINGS of a study of the Human Trafficking Bureau (Bureau) of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, which is a member of the Los Angeles Regional Human Trafficking Task Force (Task Force). The primary objective of the study was to document the strengths and challenges the Bureau and other members of the Task Force encountered as they apply a victim-centered approach to investigations of human trafficking cases in their first year of operations (November 2015 to December 2016). Such an approach prioritizes the needs of victims and works to minimize re-traumatization. Established in September 2015 through a grant from the U.S. Department of Justice, the Task Force is a multi-agency partnership between federal, state, and local law enforcement and social service agencies mandated to "prosecute traffickers and buyers who target them, and provide services designed to restore the victims to lives free from the trauma bonds they've been forced to endure." The Bureau, which had been established earlier by Los Angeles Country Sheriff Jim McDonnell, was assigned to lead the Task Force in combatting human trafficking-defined as the recruiting, smuggling, transporting, harboring, buying, or selling a person for exploitation-in the county. From the onset, the Bureau and the Task Force embraced a novel approach to human trafficking investigations by physically co-locating investigators, prosecutors, and representatives of service provider organizations in the Bureau's headquarters in Monterey Park. Using an open-floor plan, the Bureau houses representatives from the Task Force, including the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST); the FBI; District Attorney's Office; Los Angeles County Probation Department; Department of Children and Family Services; and Department of Homeland Security. The Bureau maintains an investigative unit called the Detective Information Research Center (DIRC), which provides backup research for investigators. The Bureau also maintains a separate unit called the Sexual Assault Felony Enforcement Team (SAFE), which conducts cyber investigations of crimes against children (ICAC), including child pornography, sextortion, enticement, and crimes committed by California State sex registrants. The Bureau's human trafficking teams have access to a "soft room" for interviewing and offering services to trafficking victims. While the Task Force is mandated to investigate both labor and sex trafficking cases, the vast majority of cases during the first year of its operations have involved sex trafficking. The Bureau has a three-pronged approach to sex trafficking. The first is to identify and locate victims. Once victims are located, service providers are brought in to provide a range of services from medical care to housing. The second prong is to arrest traffickers and gather evidence for prosecutions. And the third is to staunch demand in the sex trade by targeting buyers, or "johns." Using semi-structured questionnaires, researchers at the Human Rights Center, in partnership with Berkeley Law's International Human Rights Law Clinic, interviewed 45 key informants, including investigators, researchers, service providers, and prosecutors directly located in the Bureau or connected to it. Researchers also reviewed seven case files representative of various sex trafficking cases the Bureau had investigated during the first six months of 2016 and observed two sting operations directed at buyers and traffickers in Los Angeles County. All key informant interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, more than 35 codes were developed and tagged, resulting in 412 pages of coded data. The codes included a range of topics, including reluctance of victims to cooperate with law enforcement, shelter and long-term housing, challenges of investigating labor trafficking, the hidden nature of the crime, relations between investigators and prosecutors, proving the elements of the crime of human trafficking, criminalization vs. decriminalization of prostitution, and inter-agency co-location and cooperation. Since the Bureau has investigated only a few cases of labor trafficking, the report's primary focus is on sex trafficking cases. Details: Berkeley, CA: The Center, 2017. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2018 at: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LA_report_2017_Nov20release.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LA_report_2017_Nov20release.pdf Shelf Number: 150178 Keywords: Criminal Investigations Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: Childnet Title: Young people's experiences of online sexual harassment. Project deSHAME Summary: For most young people the internet plays an essential role in their friendships and relationships, providing positive opportunities for communication, connection and self-expression. However, for many young people, online sexual harassment is embedded in their digital lives and to some extent normalised and expected. It emerges as part of the wider dynamic of their peer group and intimate relationships. In this report, online sexual harassment is defined as unwanted sexual conduct on any digital platform and it is recognised as a form of sexual violence. Online sexual harassment encompasses a wide range of behaviours that use digital content (images, videos, posts, messages, pages) on a variety of different platforms (private or public). It can make a person feel threatened, exploited, coerced, humiliated, upset, sexualised or discriminated against. This report specifically focuses on peer-topeer online sexual harassment taking place between young people. Such harassment takes place in a gendered context, with girls being more likely to be targeted than boys - particularly for some forms of online sexual harassment - and these incidents often resulting in more negative outcomes for girls. In this report online sexual harassment has been categorised in four main types. These different behaviours are often experienced simultaneously and can overlap with offline experiences of sexual harassment. Non-consensual sharing of intimate images and videos: A person's sexual images and videos being shared without their consent or taken without their consent. Exploitation, coercion and threats: A person receiving sexual threats, being coerced to participate in sexual behaviour online, or blackmailed with sexual content. Sexualised bullying: A person being targeted by, and systematically excluded from, a group or community with the use of sexual content that humiliates, upsets or discriminates against them. Unwanted sexualisation: A person receiving unwelcome sexual requests, comments and content. The findings of the survey, focus groups and case study analysis demonstrate the prevalence of these forms of online sexual harassment and the short and long term impact on mental health and well-being they can have on young people. The research provides an indication that the experience and impact of online sexual harassment is unique to the individual and dependent on numerous intersecting factors, including actual or perceived gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, religion, special educational need or disability. The report also highlights both the similarities and differences in the experiences of young people in Denmark, Hungary and the UK. Details: s.l.: Project deSHAME , 2017. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed May 18, 2018 at: http://www.childnet.com/ufiles/Project_deSHAME_Dec_2017_Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://www.childnet.com/ufiles/Project_deSHAME_Dec_2017_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 150268 Keywords: Computer Crimes Internet Crimes Online Victimization Sexual Exploitation Sexual Harassment Sexual Violence

Author: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Maine Advisory Committee Title: Human Trafficking in Maine Summary: Human trafficking - the coercion of human beings for the purpose of involuntary labor, sexual exploitation, or both - is a growing problem in Maine. President Obama has called human trafficking modern day slavery, declaring that the United States "must end this most serious, ongoing criminal civil rights violation." The Maine Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Maine SAC or Committee) started examining the issue of human trafficking in 2011 and convened a briefing in April 2012. The Committee heard from law enforcement officials, prosecutors, legislators, and advocates. Survivors of human trafficking also participated, putting a human face on the problem. The briefing shined a light on the fact that Maine did not have a stand-alone dedicated human trafficking law. Committee members questioned the panelists about the absence of this legislation and encouraged panelists to consider legislative actions to help address the human trafficking in Maine. Subsequent to the briefing, the Maine legislature enacted several provisions aimed at protecting victims and increasing penalties for violators. Specifically, in 2013, the Maine legislature passed LD 1159, an Act to Address Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking, and Prostitution. The statute broadened the definition of "human trafficking offense," and established "sex trafficking" and "aggravated sex trafficking" as crimes. The Maine legislature later signed LD 1730, An Act to Assist Victims of Human Trafficking, into law. The statute has two main effects: first, it provides an affirmative defense for victims of trafficking who are charged with prostitution, and second, it adds an additional fine for those convicted of aggravated sex trafficking. The Maine SAC convened a second briefing on human trafficking in June 2014 to learn about the impact of the new trafficking laws and to find out what still needs to be done to address human trafficking in Maine. The Committee invited additional law enforcement officials, prosecutors, legislators, advocates, and survivors of human trafficking to update the Committee. In issuing this report, the Committee commends the state for the progress it has made in addressing human trafficking. Nonetheless, the Committee finds that more needs to done to help victims and survivors of trafficking, especially with regards to criminal liability of victims and assistance for victims. Regarding criminal liability, the Committee learned that two new laws are needed: a vacatur statute and a safe harbor law. A vacatur law allows courts to vacate the offenses committed by victims during the course of their being trafficked. An ideal vacatur statute would allow courts to vacate any prostitution, drug possession, or other criminal conviction, provided that the act in question was committed by a victim of human trafficking during the course of being trafficked. To this end, the Maine SAC recommends that the Maine legislature enact a vacatur law. The Maine legislature should also enact a safe harbor law that is designed to prevent minors who are victims of human trafficking from being charged with crimes committed during the period they were trafficked. Existing safe harbor laws vary significantly among the states. Thus, the Maine SAC recommends that the Maine legislature enact the safe harbor law. The Committee also recommends that the U.S. Department of Justice draft a model safe harbor law that may be introduced in state legislatures. Finally, one of the most critical components of a proper response to human trafficking is the provision of adequate services for trafficking victims. Services are so key, in fact, that Maine prosecutors have ranked them more important in fighting human trafficking than a dedicated human trafficking statute itself. Traffickers make great efforts to ensure that their victims are isolated and totally dependent on them not only for the material essentials of life, but also for any sort of stability or feeling of normalcy. The Committee learned that trafficking victims are often arrested as a way to ensure that they have shelter, food, and safety. In order to adequately address human trafficking, the state needs both to create and fund programs that provide services to human trafficking victims. An ideal system of victim assistance services in Maine would address the fundamental needs of trafficking victims, including living assistance, educational services, and working with federal agencies on immigration and citizenship services. These services would receive sufficient funding to adequately serve the growing number of individuals in Maine identified as victims of both sex and labor trafficking. Finally, while this report focuses its findings and recommendations on the issue of sex trafficking, both briefings included testimony from advocates working on the issue of labor trafficking. Some estimate that labor trafficking constitutes almost one-third of the total human trafficking market. Labor trafficking in Maine occurs in several industries, including construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and logging. The Committee discredited the myth that labor trafficking involves exclusively undocumented workers. There are cases throughout New England - in construction, domestic help, and restaurants - where trafficked individuals are documented immigrants or U.S. citizens. We hope that Maine will consider adopting a standalone labor trafficking statute similar to the sex trafficking statute it recently enacted. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2016. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2018 at: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/Human-Trafficking-in-Maine.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/Human-Trafficking-in-Maine.pdf Shelf Number: 150436 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: U.S. Department of State Title: Trafficking in Persons Report, 2018 Summary: Human trafficking is a global phenomenon to which no country is immune. Victims of modern slavery are exploited in every region of the world, compelled into service for labor or commercial sex in the real world of industry and on the pages of the internet. The enormity of the problem necessitates the development of a unified, comprehensive response from world leaders to collectively address a crime that defies all borders. Despite its global reach, human trafficking takes place locally-in a favorite nail salon or restaurant; in a neighborhood home or popular hotel; on a city street or rural farm. Local communities face the realities and consequences of modern slavery, including weakened rule of law, strained public health systems, and decreased economic development, while traffickers profit from the exploitation of others. International recognition of the devastating effects of human trafficking grows each year. As of the date of this report, governments of more than 170 countries have made public commitments to its eradication, promising punishment for traffickers, care for victims, and action to prevent this crime. The importance of these commitments cannot be overstated. Yet, the grinding reality of fighting modern slavery takes place not on world stages but through the dedicated actions of individuals to meaningfully implement such commitments-in the slow and often tedious process of building a strong case against a trafficker; the long-term and case-specific provision of comprehensive care for victims; the consistent efforts of civil society partners to strategically raise awareness about human trafficking; and the development of well-planned and evidence-driven preventive policies. National governments cannot do these things alone. Their commitments to this issue are more effectively realized in partnership with the communities that face it, including local authorities, NGOs and advocates, and individual community members who are often the eyes, ears, and hearts of the places they call home. After all, traffickers exploit the political, social, economic, and cultural contours of local communities, often in ways that would be hard to address fully from a distance. By supporting and empowering these communities, national governments can truly begin to address the individual trafficking cases that collectively make up the larger global issue. This year's Trafficking in Persons Report highlights some of the elements of an effective community-based approach, the challenges in implementing such initiatives, and the opportunities national governments have to facilitate coordination, cooperation, and responsibility-sharing with and between local governments and communities. Details: Washington, DC: State Department, 2018. 486p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 29, 2018 at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/282798.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/282798.pdf Shelf Number: 150736 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: Malloch, Margaret Title: Evidence Assessment of the Impacts of the Criminalisation of the Purchase of Sex: A Review Summary: During the passage of the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Scotland) Act 2015, the Cabinet Secretary gave a commitment to the Justice Committee and to Parliament that the Scottish Government would commission research to investigate the reliability of the evidence available on the criminalisation of the purchase of sexual services, and how it applies to Scotland. This report considers the reliability of the available evidence on the impact of the criminalisation of the purchase of sex locating current debates within an overview of recent legislation and policy in Scotland. The report constitutes a rapid evidence assessment of available evidence on the impact of the criminalisation of the purchase of sex and examines existing international evidence which draws predominantly on countries where legislation criminalising the purchase of sex exists (for example, Sweden (1999), Norway (2009), Iceland (2009), Canada (2014) and Northern Ireland (2015)) . This review sets out evidence published in English and has drawn on a range of sources which are variable in approach and size. The Annex sets out the key empirically-based studies referred to in the evidence assessment. Additional material is referenced in the bibliography. A summary of the current policy and legislative context in Scotland is included and discussion of the background to the introduction of legislation on the criminalisation of the purchase of sex internationally. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Social Research, 2017. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 16, 2018 at; http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/purchase-of-sex.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/purchase-of-sex.pdf Shelf Number: 151156 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Merkle, Ortrun Title: A Gender Perspective on Corruption Encountered during Forced and Irregular Migration Summary: Policymakers are starting to pay more attention to the links between migration and corruption. This study explores a specific area of these links, by examining the ways in which corruption affects the migration journeys of women - be they regular, irregular, forced or voluntary. It does so by looking at experiences of corruption in countries of origin, transit and destination. The analysis is based on desk research and interviews with stakeholders and migrants conducted between April and May 2017. We find that corruption comes into play whenever legal options for migration are limited, and this seems to be a constant throughout all stages of the migration process of several migrant groups. While both men and women encounter corruption during the various stages of the migration process, this study finds that women are especially vulnerable to atypical forms of corruption, including sexual extortion ('sextortion') when their financial capital is limited. Women travelling alone are particularly vulnerable to different forms of corruption and sexual exploitation, which can have negative consequences on their short-, medium- and long-term mental and physical health. The report concludes that sextortion, which occurs at the intersection of sexual violence and corruption must be clearly defined as a form of corruption and a criminal offence. The report continues with policy recommendations for the country of origin, transit and destination both in the realm of anti-corruption as well as women's empowerment and concludes with suggestions for further research. Details: Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 2017. 63p.p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2018 at: https://i.unu.edu/media/migration.unu.edu/attachment/4665/A-Gender-Perspective-on-Corruption-Encountered-during-Forced-and-Irregular-Migration.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://i.unu.edu/media/migration.unu.edu/attachment/4665/A-Gender-Perspective-on-Corruption-Encountered-during-Forced-and-Irregular-Migration.pdf Shelf Number: 153038 Keywords: Corruption Migrants Migration Refugees Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Violence Against Women

Author: Thomson Reuters Foundation Title: A Call to Action: Ending 'Sextortion' in the Digital Age Summary: Throughout the world, those in power extort vulnerable women and girls by demanding sex, rather than money. "Sextortion" is a pervasive yet under-reported form of corruption involving sexual exploitation: judges demanding sex in exchange for visas or favorable custody decisions, landlords threatening to evict tenants unless they have sex with them, supervisors making job security contingent on sex, and principals conditioning student graduation on sex. Today the crime has become digital and cyber-sextortion is rapidly on the rise. In 2015, the Thomson Reuters Foundation, in collaboration with the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ), launched a guide: "Combating Sextortion: A Comparative Study of Laws to Prosecute Corruption Involving Sexual Exploitation." The study outlined laws and practices relating to the crime in nine jurisdictions, spanning six continents. This new report was borne out of that research, and takes a more specific look at the United States and at how sextortion has evolved. Despite increasing recognition from law enforcement agencies that sextortion exists and that it is indeed on the rise - the United States lacks adequate legal solutions to ensure justice for victims. This leaves women and young girls vulnerable at the hands of those willing to abuse their power, and�increasingly - online predators. "A Call to Action: Ending 'Sextortion' in the Digital Age" shines a spotlight on the growing threat of sextortion, and highlights how easy it is to infiltrate computers to record and steal sexual imagery. The report calls for public education to help prevent sextortion and provides concrete examples of revisions to existing criminal statutes in order to combat this rapidly developing crime. Details: London: Thomson Reuters Foundations, 2016. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 15, 2018 at: http://www.trust.org/contentAsset/raw-data/f3b8d35c-27bf-4ba7-9251-abc07d588347/file Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.trust.org/contentAsset/raw-data/f3b8d35c-27bf-4ba7-9251-abc07d588347/file Shelf Number: 153482 Keywords: Computer Crime Cybercrime Cybersecurity Online Victimization Sex Crimes Sextortion Sexual Exploitation

Author: Broad, Rosemary Title: Stuck in Traffic: A study of individuals convicted convicted for human trafficking offences through the UK criminal justice system: characteristics, relationships and criminal justice perspectives Summary: The research undertaken during the course of this thesis is an exploratory study of the characteristics of individuals convicted for human trafficking offences between 2003 and 2008 in the UK. This thesis provides a unique contribution to criminology by developing the understanding of those convicted for these offences and the policy procedures that operate to process these cases. The data comprises documentary sources in the form of pre-sentence reports and assessments, interview data from interviews with experts involved in processing human trafficking cases through the criminal justice system and quantitative data in the form of actuarial assessments of this group of offenders. The data is analysed within an interpretative policy framework which views the data not just as a social construction but as a result of particular features of policy-making in this area. The argument developed in this thesis is that there is a globally reinforced paradigm which focuses on a certain type of trafficking and has resulted in the conviction of a group of individuals with some collective characteristics.The primary contributions of this research can be drawn together under three themes; developing the knowledge regarding people convicted for human trafficking offences, understanding the role of the migration journey in terms of pathways into this offending and the implications of this for policy and the historical continuity of these themes. The use of the terms manager and worker, as opposed to trafficker and victim, allow for a more nuanced understanding of these findings and permit a degree of flexibility between the actors involved. This research demonstrates that failing to understand those people convicted for these offences results in a distorted understanding of the activity as a whole and how the involvement fits within wider issues of migration, structural inequality and gender. The findings indicate that migration processes and the status of the migrant operate to limit opportunity. Within this process migrants make a series of decisions and links with others through their networks which forms part of their pathway into this offending. Accounting for the pathways into these offences must build on the push/pull factors in order to fully appreciate the mechanisms behind individual migration. These findings confirm a historical continuity of the dominant themes in this field. The findings and future work in this area must be understood outside of the dichotomies imposed by the historical paradigms by considering the impact of the global reinforcement of policy issues and the complex interplays of power operating between all actors involved in this activity. Details: Manchester, UK: University of Manchester, 2013. 254p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed Dec. 6, 2018 at: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:221262&datastreamId=FULL-TEXT.PDF Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:221262&datastreamId=FULL-TEXT.PDF Shelf Number: 153926 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migration Sexual Exploitation Traffickers

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Addressing Human Trafficking and Exploitation in Times of Crisis: Evidence and Recommendations for Further Action to Protect Vulnerable and Mobile Populations Summary: Although human trafficking has gathered momentum and several international organizations have developed approaches to address it, the phenomenon remains a serious crime, with grave human rights concerns, that is largely overlooked in crisis situations. In addition, human trafficking is typically not considered a direct consequence of crisis. This misplaced assumption, coupled with the fact that counter-trafficking efforts are not necessarily understood as an immediate life-saver in crisis, often hampers the humanitarian response to human trafficking cases, particularly in terms of identification of and assistance to victims. In reality, as the newly published IOM report Addressing Human Trafficking and Exploitation in Times of Crisis reveals these efforts are a matter of life and livelihood for victims of trafficking and should therefore be considered with as much priority as for any other crisis-affected population and be addressed at the outset of a crisis. The report recommends that human trafficking in times of crisis be urgently included in the humanitarian community, with support from both emergency and development donor communities. Details: Geneva, SWIT: IOM, 2015. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 24, 2019 at: https://publications.iom.int/books/addressing-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-times-crisis-evidence-and-recommendations-0 Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://publications.iom.int/books/addressing-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-times-crisis-evidence-and-recommendations-0 Shelf Number: 154400 Keywords: Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Florida. Statewide Council on Human Trafficking Title: Florida: An All Hands On Deck Approach To Combat Trafficking Summary: The National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC), run by Polaris, operates a 24-hour national hotline that receives tips, provides service referrals, and offers technical assistance pertaining to all forms of human trafficking. This includes the commercial sexual exploitation of both children and adults, the labor trafficking of children and adults, and domestic servitude. DCF and DJJ regularly analyze NHTRC trends regarding all forms of trafficking as it is critical to their missions to protect Florida's vulnerable children.The discussion of this data here is intended to provide an overview of the prevalence of sex trafficking, among all forms of human trafficking, in Florida. The NHTRC has collected data from the hotline since December of 2007. The following data was gathered from calls placed to the hotline between December 7, 2007, and December 31, 2015. During this period, Florida residents placed 6,819 calls to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) Hotline. This represents the third highest call volume in the United States. Of these calls, 1,510 (22 percent) were classified by the NHTRC to have moderate or high potential of being a legitimate report of human trafficking. Florida data collected between 2013 and 2015 show 1,136 reports, with 367 (32 percent) involving minor victims. Within this population, 83.6 percent were female and 16.4 percent were male. They did note that these findings are not cumulative and not all victims identify gender. "Of the 1,136 potential cases reported to the NHTRC from 2013 to 2015, 802 (71 percent) were classified as sex trafficking," 207 (18 percent) were classified as labor trafficking, 44 (4 percent) were classified as both, and 83 (7 percent) were not specified.The reports of trafficking spanned from Pensacola to the Keys. From 2013 - 2015, there was a shift in the form of sex trafficking reported to the NHTRC. In 2013, the most common venue for sex trafficking was the commercial-front brothel. In 2014, this shifted to the Online ad, venue unknown category with the most reported cases.This again changed in 2015, with the hotel/motel based sex trafficking as the most reported venue. Details: Tallahassee: The Council, 2018. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2019 at: http://myfloridalegal.com/webfiles.nsf/WF/MVIS-B8JT3C/$file/HTAnnualReport2018Web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://myfloridalegal.com/webfiles.nsf/WF/MVIS-B8JT3C/$file/HTAnnualReport2018Web.pdf Shelf Number: 155216 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) Title: "Sold Like Fish": Crimes Against Humanity, Mass Graves, and Human Trafficking from Myanmar and Bangladesh to Malaysia from 2012 to 2015 Summary: On April 30, 2015, Thai authorities announced the discovery of a mass grave in a makeshift camp in a forested area near the Malaysian border. The grave contained more than 30 bodies of suspected victims of human trafficking believed to be Rohingya Muslims and Bangladeshi nationals. Less than one month later, on May 25, the Royal Malaysian Police announced the discovery of 139 graves and 28 suspected human-trafficking camps in Wang Kelian, Perlis State, Malaysia. Rohingya Muslims have faced military-led attacks and severe persecution in Myanmar for decades. Fortify Rights, the United Nations, and other organizations determined that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the Myanmar authorities committed genocide against Rohingya-a crime that continues to today. These crimes forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya refugees to flee the country in recent years. Most fled with hopes of finding sanctuary in Bangladesh and Malaysia, the nearest predominantly Muslim countries. This report documents how a transnational criminal syndicate-a group of individuals or organizations working together for common criminal interests- in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Malaysia preyed on Rohingya refugees, deceiving them into boarding ships supposedly bound for Malaysia. Motivated by profit, between 2012 and 2015, a transnational criminal syndicate held Rohingya as well as Bangladeshis at sea and in human-trafficking camps on the Malaysia-Thailand border. Traffickers provided their captives with three options: raise upwards of 7,000 Malaysian Ringgit (US$2,000) in exchange for release, be sold into further exploitation, or die in the camps. Members of a syndicate tortured, killed, raped, and otherwise abused untold numbers of men, women, and children, buying and selling them systematically in many cases, in concert with government officials. Days after the mass-grave discovery in Thailand in 2015, Thai authorities arrested a Rohingya man from Myanmar named Anwar, also known as Soe Naing, for alleged involvement in a human-trafficking ring. Thai authorities went on to arrest 102 other suspects, including senior Thai government officials. Thai authorities then began the largest human-trafficking trial in the history of Southeast Asia. On July 19, 2017, a newly established, specialized human-trafficking court in Bangkok convicted 62 defendants for crimes related to the trafficking of Rohingya and Bangladeshis to Malaysia via Thailand. Those found guilty included nine Thai government officials, including Lieutenant General Manas Kongpaen, a military general who reportedly received approximately US$1 million (3.49 million Malaysian Ringgit) in profits from the trafficking trade, including payments amounting to more than US$400,000 (1.39 million Malaysian Ringgit) in just over one month alone. In contrast, since 2015, Malaysian courts convicted only four individuals of trafficking-related offenses connected to the mass graves discovered at Wang Kelian. All those convicted were foreigners, including one Thai national, two individuals from Myanmar, and a Bangladeshi national. The Royal Malaysian Police reportedly arrested 12 police officers but eventually released them due to a lack of evidence. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)-the agency mandated to protect refugees-estimates that more than 170,000 people boarded ships from Myanmar and Bangladesh bound for Thailand and Malaysia from 2012 to 2015 and that the criminal syndicate organizing the vessels generated between US$50 million (174.5 million Malaysian Ringgit) and US$100 million (349 million Malaysian Ringgit) annually. Each ship reportedly earned traffickers an estimated US$60,000 (209,400 Malaysian Ringgit) in profits, according to UNHCR. The majority of people trafficked during this period were Rohingya Muslims; however, in late 2014 and 2015, the syndicate began targeting Bangladeshi nationals as well. This is a joint report by the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM, referred to in this report as "the Commission") and Fortify Rights. It documents human rights violations perpetrated against Rohingya Muslims trafficked from Myanmar and Bangladesh to Thailand and Malaysia from 2012 to 2015, the discovery of mass graves in Wang Kelian in Malaysia's Perlis State, and the Malaysian authorities' response to the discovery of the mass graves. It analyzes the violence against Rohingya within the framework of relevant international law. Details: Belfast, ME: Authors, 2019. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 5, 2019 at: https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Fortify%20Rights-SUHAKAM%20-%20Sold%20Like%20Fish.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Asia URL: https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Fortify%20Rights-SUHAKAM%20-%20Sold%20Like%20Fish.pdf Shelf Number: 155353 Keywords: Criminal Syndicates Genocide Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Refugees Sexual Exploitation

Author: Currier, Alyssa Title: 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report Summary: Holding human traffickers accountable through criminal investigations and prosecutions, as well as civil lawsuits, is a crucial element of an effective, victim-centered approach to combating human trafficking. Human traffickers are economically motivated, compelling people to work or to engage in commercial sex for the trafficker's own profit. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 criminalizes this form of exploitation at the federal level and has provided increasingly more protection for victims over time. The TVPA provides, inter alia, mandatory victim restitution and the option for victims to sue their traffickers civilly. In 2017, the Human Trafficking Institute ("Institute") published the first Federal Human Trafficking Report, an exhaustive review of federal efforts to hold traffickers accountable for their exploitative conduct. The 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report ("Report") is a continuation of the Institute's efforts to provide comprehensive data about every criminal and civil human trafficking case that federal courts handle each year. The Report's findings are not a prevalence estimate of human trafficking within the United States, but instead, serve as an objective summary of how the federal court system is used to combat human trafficking. In 2018, there were a total of 771 active human trafficking cases in federal courts across the United States. The majority (88.2%) of the active human trafficking cases were criminal prosecutions. The remaining 11.8% of the active human trafficking cases were civil suits. Criminal Cases -- In 2018, the government initiated 171 criminal human trafficking cases in federal courts. Ninety-five percent of the initiated cases were sex trafficking cases, and 4.7% were labor trafficking cases. This represents a 29% decrease in the number of initiated cases from the 241 new criminal cases in 2017. Since the TVPA was enacted in 2000, the number of human trafficking cases prosecuted has increased dramatically. In 2000, the federal government initiated four human trafficking cases. In 2007, the year the Justice Department formed the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, initiated federal prosecutions jumped to 55 new cases. Although the number of sex trafficking prosecutions charged by the federal government each year has greatly increased since the enactment of the TVPA, the number of new labor trafficking cases has remained relatively stagnant. Case Type -- Over half (51.6%) of the criminal human trafficking cases active in 2018 were sex trafficking cases involving only child victims. The remaining 48.4% of the criminal cases were sex trafficking cases involving only adult victims (16.3%), sex trafficking cases involving adult and child victims (16.2%), sex trafficking sting cases without identified victims (8.4%), sex trafficking cases where the age of the victim was undisclosed (2.4%), and labor trafficking cases (5.1%). Business Models -- Criminal defendants used the internet to solicit buyers of commercial sex in 87.7% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018. Of these cases, public sources identified Backpage as a platform used to solicit buyers in 300 cases. The number of cases involving Backpage dropped 18.3% from 2017, following the shutdown of Backpage in April 2018. Only 5.3% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018 involved commercial sex being marketed on a street or track known for prostitution. This is a slight decline from the 6.6% of sex trafficking cases that involved street-based commercial sex in 2017. In 2018, labor trafficking defendants most commonly compelled victims to work as domestic servants. Of the labor trafficking cases active in 2018, 38.7% involved domestic work, where victims were forced to provide house cleaning, childcare, and other household tasks. The other top industries where defendants commonly compelled victims to work included food services or restaurant labor (19.4%), farming or agricultural labor (12.9%), and construction labor (12.9%). These were the same top four business models as in 2017. Methods of Coercion -- Traffickers frequently use a combination of coercive tactics to compel a victim to provide sex or labor. In 2018, evidence in over half (56.2%) of the sex trafficking cases indicated that a defendant used physical violence to force a victim to engage in commercial sex.iii In addition to violent methods of coercion, traffickers commonly rely upon more subtle forms of coercion to control their victims. Of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018, 42.6% involved a defendant threatening to use violence against a victim, 25.4% involved a defendant verbally or emotionally abusing a victim, and 23.3% involved a defendant placing a victim in physical isolation in order to coerce the victim to engage in commercial sex. Defendants in over one-third (36.2%) of the active sex trafficking cases allegedly induced a substance addiction, or exploited an existing addiction, as a method to control a victim. The most common methods of coercion used by defendants in labor trafficking cases active in 2018 were the withholding of pay (60%) and threats of physical abuse (60%). In 57.1% of the cases, defendants used physical violence to coerce a victim to work or provide services. Non-physical methods of coercion targeting migrant populations appeared in public sources more frequently in labor trafficking cases than sex trafficking cases. For example, 51.4% of labor trafficking cases included evidence that a defendant threatened a victim would be deported if he or she did not comply with the defendant's demands. In comparison, only 2.6% of sex trafficking cases mentioned a defendant's threat of deportation as a method of coercion. .... Details: Merrifield, VA: Human Trafficking Institute, 2019. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2019 at: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Shelf Number: 155619 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Shaw, Dave Title: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia Summary: This report presents the results of a study to measure the prevalence of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia. The study found a total prevalence across the three target cities of 8.16%. The prevalence of minors identified as being age 15 or younger was 0.75%. Based on the available historic data, the results of this study suggest that the prevalence of CSEC in commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia has decreased substantially between 2000 and 2012, with the most notable decrease observed among minors age 15 or younger. The study's findings are based on data collected from 232 commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia in November 2012. Sampled establishments were randomly selected from a comprehensive list of 990 suspected commercial sex establishments in the three target cities. Using undercover data collection techniques, study data collectors identified 1,911 individuals working in commercial sex establishments and available for sex in the target cities. One hundred forty-one of these were identified as minors (age 17 or younger). After analysis, the data indicates that the overall prevalence of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in commercial sex establishments (CSEs) in the three target cities is 8.16%. The results of this study reveal the rarity of young minors in exploitation in commercial sex establishments in the target area. Borderline minors continue to be exploited in commercial sex establishments, but with a substantially decreased prevalence than what was documented from 1998- 2003. The highest number of minors was identified in establishments frequented by Cambodian nationals and Asian tourists. Details: Washington, DC: International Justice Mission, 2013. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2019 at: https://www.ijm.ca/documents/studies/Commercial-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Cambodia.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia URL: https://www.ijm.org/studies/commercial-sexual-exploitation-of-children-in-cambodia Shelf Number: 156547 Keywords: Cambodia Child Prostitution Child Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Commercial Sex Sexual Exploitation